{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:53:30Z","timestamp":1769010810777,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008778","name":"Florida Atlantic University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["none\/start-up funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none\/start-up funds"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008778","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Depression is a risk factor for nicotine use and withdrawal. Population level epidemiologic studies that include users of either combustible or electronic cigarette (NICUSER) could inform interventions to reduce nicotine dependence in vulnerable populations. The current study examined the relationship between depression diagnosis (DEPDX), NICUSER, and lifetime rates of DSM-V nicotine withdrawal (NW) symptoms in a nationally representative sample of US adults (N = 979), who answered related questions in surveys administered through GfK\u2019s KnowledgePanel. Over 42% of the sample reported lifetime ever combustible cigarette use, 15.6% electronic-cigarette use, and 45.9% either (NICUSER). Weighted logistic regression analyses (controlling for age and gender) found that DEPDX was associated with 2.3 times increased odds (ratio (OR); 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.5\u20133.5) of being a NICUSER. Regarding risks of NW symptoms among NICUSER, models that additionally controlled for frequency of nicotine use found that DEPDX was significantly associated with increased odds of concentration problems (OR = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.3\u20134.5) and depressed mood (OR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.1\u20134.1) when quitting or cutting down on nicotine use. Results highlight the consistent comorbidity between depression, nicotine use, and symptomatic nicotine withdrawal in a population-based sample of combustible and electronic cigarette users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]],"date-time":"2020-12-13T23:39:36Z","timestamp":1607902776000},"page":"9334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Depression and Nicotine Withdrawal Associations with Combustible and Electronic Cigarette Use"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Michele L.","family":"Pergadia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2153-9382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John W.","family":"Newcomer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"},{"name":"Thriving Mind South Florida, Miami, FL 33126, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7525-7239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David G.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1016","article-title":"Association between nicotine withdrawal and reward responsiveness in humans and rats","volume":"71","author":"Pergadia","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.4.464","article-title":"Nicotine withdrawal symptoms and psychiatric disorders: Findings from an epidemiologic study of young adults","volume":"149","author":"Breslau","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(90)90042-Q","article-title":"Depression and depressive symptoms in smoking cessation","volume":"31","author":"Covey","year":"1990","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02957.x","article-title":"Nicotine withdrawal in women","volume":"92","author":"Madden","year":"1997","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.13.4.359","article-title":"Nicotine withdrawal symptoms in adolescent and adult twins","volume":"13","author":"Pergadia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Twin Res. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.11.004","article-title":"Nicotine withdrawal in U.S. smokers with current mood, anxiety, alcohol use, and substance use disorders","volume":"108","author":"Weinberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2016). E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.029","article-title":"Patterns of nicotine concentrations in electronic cigarettes sold in the United States, 2013\u20132018","volume":"203","author":"Romberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behar, R.Z., Hua, M., and Talbot, P. (2015). Puffing topography and nicotine intake of electronic cigarette users. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117222"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12504","article-title":"Electronic cigarettes and mental illness: Reviewing the evidence for help and harm among those with psychiatric and substance use disorders","volume":"26","author":"Hefner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.11.008","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in adolescent electronic and conventional cigarette use","volume":"73","author":"Leventhal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prochaska, J.J., and Grana, R.A. (2014). E-cigarette use among smokers with serious mental illness. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113013"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). 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