{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T10:19:41Z","timestamp":1769163581890,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objectives of the present study were to determine the concentrations of heavy metals and metalloids in water, sediment and Osteochilus vittatus fish, and to assess chromosome aberrations, serum biochemical changes and histopathological alterations in O. vittatus from the Nam Kok river near the Sepon gold-copper mine, Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic compared with the reference area. The results showed that Fe, Mn and Ni in water, As and Cd in sediment as well as As, Cd, Cr, Mn and Ni in O. vittatus muscle samples near the gold-copper mine exceeded standard values. Furthermore, the chromosome assessment in O. vittatus revealed seven types of chromosome aberrations, and the highest total number of chromosome aberrations was a centromere gap. The total number of chromosome aberrations, cell number with chromosome aberrations and percentage of chromosome aberrations in O. vittatus as well as serum liver enzymes between the studied areas were significantly different (p &lt; 0.05). The liver histopathological alterations of the fish near the gold-copper mine revealed atypical cellular structures as nuclear membrane degeneration, rough endoplasmic reticulum disintegration and abnormal cytoplasmic mitochondria. The results of this study suggested that heavy metal and metalloid contaminations from the Sepon gold-copper mine area negatively affect O. vittatus fish in terms of chromosomal defects, serum biochemical changes and liver histopathological appearances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T11:42:09Z","timestamp":1608291729000},"page":"9492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effects of Contamination by Heavy Metals and Metalloids on Chromosomes, Serum Biochemistry and Histopathology of the Bonylip Barb Fish Near Sepon Gold-Copper Mine, Lao PDR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Latsamy","family":"Soulivongsa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecotoxicology, Natural Resources and Environment Project, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bundit","family":"Tengjaroenkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecotoxicology, Natural Resources and Environment Project, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lamyai","family":"Neeratanaphan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecotoxicology, Natural Resources and Environment Project, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Division of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Bank (2010). Lao PDR Investment Climate Assessment: Policies to Promote Growth in the Non-Resource Sectors, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Department, East Asia and Pacific Region, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. Report No 64800-LA."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ngangnouvong, I. (2019, January 15\u201316). Mining in Laos, Economic Growth, and Price Fluctuation. Proceedings of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, The 11th Multi-Year Expert Meeting on Commodities and Development, United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) (2011). Utilizing Mining and Mineral Resources to Foster the Sustainable Development of the Lao PDR, National Economic Research Institute (NERI), National University of Laos (NUOL)."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Houngaloune, S., and Inthavongsa, I. (2019, January 13\u201314). Trends of Gold Mining Industry in Lao PDR. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Mining, Materials and Petroleum Engineering (CMMP2019), Krabi, Thailand."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Phonvisay, S. (2013). An introduction to the Fisheries of Lao PDR, Mekong River Commission."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"33","article-title":"A political economy of environmental impact assessment in the mekong region","volume":"9","author":"Dang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Altern."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) (2017). Green Growth Potential Assessment Lao PDR Country Report, Global Green Growth Institute."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.10.023","article-title":"Seasonal variation in mercury and food web biomagnification in Lake Ontario, Canada","volume":"161","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.06.012","article-title":"A new index for assessing heavy metals contamination in sediments: A case study","volume":"58","author":"Pejman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(02)00194-X","article-title":"The relationships between heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn) levels and the size of six Mediterranean fish species","volume":"121","author":"Canli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2012.04.014","article-title":"Distribution and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in aquatic organisms of different trophic levels and potential health risk assessment from Taihu lake, China","volume":"81","author":"Tao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Mike, F., Sharon, W., and Henry, A. (2004). Toxicological Profile for Nickel."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"11","article-title":"The seasonal fluctuation of physico-chemical parameters of river mula-mutha at pune India and their impact on fish biodiversity","volume":"1","author":"Eknath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. J. Anim. Vet. Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"17","article-title":"Heavy metals causing toxicity in animals and fishes","volume":"2","author":"Govind","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. J. Anim. Vet. Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"77","article-title":"Effect of manganese on hematological parameters of fish, Garra gotyla gotyla","volume":"2","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Zool. Stud."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Danita, T. (2015). Effects of Chronic, Sublethal Ferric Iron Exposure on the Critical Swim Speed of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Critical Thermal Maximum of Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii), Colorado State University."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-007-9986-6","article-title":"Heavy metal pollution in surface sediment and mussel samples in the Gulf of Gemlik","volume":"144","author":"Unlu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alloway, B.J. (2013). Heavy Metals in Soils: Trace Metals and Metalloids in Soils and Their Bioavailability, Springer. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4470-7"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.01.012","article-title":"Metal concentrations and pathological responses of wild native fish exposed to sewage discharge in a Mediterranean river","volume":"449","author":"Veiga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/14634980600724023","article-title":"Heavy metal pollution status in the Malaysian aquatic environment","volume":"9","author":"Shazili","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquat. Ecosyst. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(03)00173-8","article-title":"Metal concentrations in water, sediment and gudgeon (Gobio gobio) from a pollution gradient: Relationship with fish condition factor","volume":"126","author":"Bervoets","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-007-9035-8","article-title":"Mercury and lead content in fish species from the river Gomti, Lucknow, India, as biomarkers of contamination","volume":"78","author":"Agarwal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen, S.E. (2011). Handbook of Ecological Models Used in Ecosystem and Environmental Management, Original U.S Government Works, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.03.134","article-title":"Metal concentration in water, sediment and four fish species from Lake Titicaca reveals a large-scale environmental concern","volume":"487","author":"Monroy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-019-7509-x","article-title":"Effects of electronic waste on cytogenetic and physiological changes in snakehead fish (Channa striata)","volume":"191","author":"Phoonaploy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Shibukawa, K., Musikasinthorn, P., Grudpan, C., So, N., Tran, D., and Praxaysombath, B. (2012). Fishes of the Indochinese Mekong, Nagao Natural Environment Foundation, Member from Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand and Vietnam, Nha Xuat BAN Dai CAN THO."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2012.11.007","article-title":"ICP-OES assessment of heavy metal contamination in tropical marine sediments: A comparative study of two digestion techniques","volume":"111","author":"Chand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"American Public Health Association (APHA) (2012). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-Water."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rooney, D.E. (2001). Human Cytogenetics Constitutional Analysis, a Practical Approach, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199638406.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.80.159","article-title":"Chromosomal characteristics of the royal knifefish, Chitala blanci (Osteoglossiformes, Notopteridae) by conventional and Ag-NOR staining techniques","volume":"80","author":"Maneechot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytologia"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1897\/05-239R.1","article-title":"Dynamics of cadmium accumulation and effects in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) during simultaneous exposure to water and food (Tubifex tubifex)","volume":"25","author":"Reynders","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.10.061","article-title":"Cellular alterations in different organs of European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (L.) exposed to cadmium","volume":"67","author":"Giari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2003). Arsenic in Drinking-Water. Background Document for Preparation of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Thailand Pollution Control Department (TPCD) (1994). Surface Water Quality Standard, Notification of the National Environmental Board, No. 8."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (1994). Water Quality for Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper, 29 Rev. 1."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization\/World Health Organization (FAO\/WHO) (1989). National Research Council Recommended Dietary, Allowances."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2003). Iron in Drinking-Water: Background Document for Preparation of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, World Health Organization. [2nd ed.]. Health Criteria and Supporting Information."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"United Nations Environment Programme Global Environment Monitoring System (UNEPGEMS) (2008). Water Quality for Ecosystem and Human Health, Burlington, Ontario, L7R 4A6 CANADA: Prepared and published by United Nations Environment Programme Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS)\/Water Programme."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Thailand Pollution Control Department (TPCD) (2004). Soil Quality Standard for Residential and Agricultural Use According."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Thailand Pollution Control Department (TPCD) (2018). Criteria for Sediment Quality Standard in Surface Water Source Net. No.2."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"European Union (EU) (2002). Heavy Metals in Wastes, European Commission on Environment."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Australia and New Zealand Standards (2011). Contaminants and Natural Toxicants, Code\u2013Standard 1.4.1 Issue 124."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"European Commission (EC) (2005). Muscle Meat of Fish as Regards Cadmium (Cd), Official Journal of the European Union. Commission Regulation (EC) No 78\/2005 amending Regulation (EC) No 466\/2001 as regards heavy metals, L 16\/43\u201345."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (1989). Heavy Metals Environmental Aspects, World Health Organization. Environment Health Criteria."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"European Commission (EC) (2001). Commission Regulation (EC) No 466\/2001 of 8 March 2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Off. J. Eur. Comm., 77, 1\u201313."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Thailand Pollution Control Department (TPCD) (2001). Water Quality Standards. Notification in Ministry of Public Health, No.98."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Boyd, C.E. (1982). Water Quality Management for Pond Fish Culture, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Tram, N.D.Q., Ngoan, L.D., and Ogle, B. (2020, August 26). Effect of Processing Pig Manure through a Biodigester as Fertilizer for Fish Ponds on Water Quality and Growth Performance of Three Fish Species. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/242358467."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaeng.2006.05.001","article-title":"Biological performance of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) cultured in recirculating system in Ibadan","volume":"36","author":"Akinwole","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aquac. Eng."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2009.03.003","article-title":"Arsenic accumulation in a freshwater fish living in a contaminated river of Corsica, France","volume":"72","author":"Culioli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Nhi, N.H.Y. (2010). Uilization of Earthworms (Perionyx Excavatus) as a Protein Source for Growing Fingerling Marble Baby (Oxyeleotris Marmoratus) and Catfish (Pangasius Hypophthal-Musi). [Master\u2019s Thesis, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2016.1187062","article-title":"Heavy metal accumulation in aquatic animals around the gold mine area of Loei province, Thailand","volume":"22","author":"Intamat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.03.078","article-title":"Metal concentrations and risk assessment in water, sediment and economic fish species with various habitat preferences and trophic guilds from Lake Caizi, Southeast China","volume":"157","author":"Jianga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Khammanichanh, A. (2016). Cytotoxic Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentration of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Nioticus) from Domestic Wastewater Canal in Mung District of Maha Sarakham Province of Thailand. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Khon Kaen University]."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1080\/00207233.2017.1341196","article-title":"Cytotoxic assessment of flying barb fish (Esomus metallicus) from a gold mine area with heavy metal contamination","volume":"74","author":"Neeratanaphan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1080\/00207233.2019.1580033","article-title":"Abnormal chromosome assessment of snakehead fish (Channa striata) affected by heavy metals from a reservoir near an industrial factory","volume":"76","author":"Khamlerd","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2017.1304813","article-title":"Chromosomal aberration assessment of silver rasbora fish (Rasbora tornieri) living near gold mine area with heavy metal contamination","volume":"23","author":"Tengjaroenkul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"26","article-title":"Evaluation of abnormal chromosomes in rice field frogs (Fejervarya limnocharis) from reservoirs affected by leachate with cadmium, chromium and lead contamination","volume":"9","author":"Phoonaploy","year":"2016","journal-title":"EnvironmentAsia"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2014.03.072","article-title":"Seasonal variation of heavy metals in water, sediment and roach tissues in a landfill draining system pond (Etueffont, France)","volume":"69","author":"Salem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.02.032","article-title":"Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in three commercial fish species in the Persian Gulf","volume":"129","author":"Keshavarzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1080\/00207233.2017.1389572","article-title":"Cytotoxic effect of sodium arsenite on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in vivo","volume":"75","author":"Tengjaroenkul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1080\/00207233.2019.1704087","article-title":"Analysis of chromosome abnormalities in the Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus) affected by arsenic contamination near a gold mine area","volume":"77","author":"Neeratanaphan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/tcm.1013","article-title":"Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of As, MMA, and DMA on leukocytes and stimulated human lymphocytes","volume":"21","author":"Sordo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2003.07.011","article-title":"Cadmium carcinogenesis","volume":"533","author":"Waalkes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2004.06.010","article-title":"In vitro assessment of DNA damage after short- and long-term exposure to benzo(a)pyrene using RAPD and the RTG-2 fish cell line","volume":"552","author":"Castano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:108:1-3:115","article-title":"Induction of DNA damage by free radicals generated either by organic or inorganic arsenic (AsIII, MMAIII, and DMAIII) in cultures of B and T lymphocytes","volume":"108","author":"Gomez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2008.12.016","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and deepening in the comprehension of the biological action mechanisms of a new nickel complex with antiproliferative activity","volume":"103","author":"Buschini","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.01.009","article-title":"Effects of nickel, chromate, and arsenite on histone 3 lysine methylation","volume":"236","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2003.07.010","article-title":"Facilitative mechanisms of lead as a carcinogen","volume":"533","author":"Silbergeld","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.15547\/bjvm.965","article-title":"Haematological, blood biochemical and histopathological effects of sublethal cadmium and lead concentrations in common carp","volume":"20","author":"Khalesi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bulg. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2014.09.021","article-title":"Stress response of biomolecules (carbohydrate, protein and lipid profiles) in fish Channa punctatus inhabiting river polluted by Thermal Power Plant effluent","volume":"22","author":"Javed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"297","article-title":"Alterations in the hematological and biochemical parameters and plasma ion concentrations of common carp, (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) after short term exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of lead","volume":"18","author":"Ergonul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2015.01.002","article-title":"Haematological and biochemical parameters and tissue accumulations of cadmium in Oreochromis niloticus exposed to various concentrations of cadmium chloride","volume":"22","author":"Asgah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1441","article-title":"Study of heavy metals in abnormal growth and development using an alternate animal model: Heterometrus fulvipes","volume":"3","author":"Rao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Life. Sci. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"60","article-title":"Toxicity of cadmium and copper and their effect on some biochemical parameters of marine fish Mugil sheheli","volume":"31","author":"Naga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Aquat. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"18","article-title":"Toxicity of arsenic (sodium arsenite) to fresh water spotted snakehead Channa punctatus (Bloch) on cellular death and DNA content","volume":"4","author":"Ahmed","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.02.025","article-title":"Assessing the genotoxic potentials of arsenic in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) using alkaline comet assay and micronucleus test","volume":"84","author":"Ahmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"81","article-title":"Acute toxicity of chromium on Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Pisces: Poeciliidae)","volume":"20","author":"Candioti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theoria"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2013.01.003","article-title":"Arsenic induced toxicity and histopathological changes in gill and liver tissue of freshwater fish, tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)","volume":"65","author":"Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2005.10.012","article-title":"Histological changes in the liver of Oreochromis mossambicus (Cichlidae) after exposure to cadmium and zinc","volume":"66","author":"Dyk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.05.042","article-title":"Chronic exposure to sublethal hexavalent chromium affects organ histopathology and serum cortisol profile of a teleost, Channa punctatus (Bloch)","volume":"407","author":"Mishra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"95","article-title":"Heavy metal induced histopathological alterations in selected organs of the Cyprinus carpio L. (Common Carp)","volume":"3","author":"Vinodhini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/24\/9492\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:46:49Z","timestamp":1760179609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/24\/9492"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17249492"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17249492","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]}}}