{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:13:01Z","timestamp":1792062781124,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputyship for Research &amp; Innovation, \u201cMinistry of   Education&quot; in Saudi Arabia","award":["IFKSURG-1441-346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFKSURG-1441-346"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin B12 insufficiency is a global health issue among women of childbearing age, yet few studies have investigated its prevalence and risk factors among healthy Middle Eastern populations. This cross-sectional study included 346 Saudi women aged 19\u201330 years and enrolled at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A series of questionnaires were administered to record the study participants\u2019 sociodemographic status, medical history, dietary intake, and physical activity. Participants\u2019 anthropometric data were also recorded and their fasting blood samples were analyzed. The rate of vitamin B12 insufficiency (\u2264220 pmol\/L) was approximately 6% among the study participants. After adjusting for confounding factors, it was observed that the risk factors for vitamin B12 insufficiency included daily sitting time \u2265 7 h, low income (&lt;10,000 Saudi riyal) and increasing age. The recommended dietary allowance of vitamin B12 (&gt;2.4 mcg\/day) has been shown to confer reasonable protection against vitamin B12 insufficiency. These study findings highlight that a combination of increased physical activity and dietary vitamin B12 intake above the current recommended dietary allowance may help improve the serum vitamin B12 levels of young women of childbearing age, especially those with a low socioeconomic status. Timely detection and protection against vitamin B12 insufficiency in this subpopulation are important to prevent maternal and fetal health risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T12:42:28Z","timestamp":1608640948000},"page":"1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Prevalence and Indicators of Vitamin B12 Insufficiency among Young Women of Childbearing Age"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7830-1415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Al-Musharaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Riyadh Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip G.","family":"McTernan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 8NS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Danish","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Riyadh Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4266-0205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid Abdullah","family":"Aleisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah M.","family":"Alnaami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Riyadh Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9568-6516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaiser","family":"Wani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Riyadh Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9566-2626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ponnusamy","family":"Saravanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population, Evidence &amp; Technologies, Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK"},{"name":"Academic Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism, George Eliot Hospital, Nuneaton CV10 7DJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasser","family":"Al-Daghri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Riyadh Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17040","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.40","article-title":"Vitamin B12 deficiency","volume":"3","author":"Green","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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