{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:22:48Z","timestamp":1789586568234,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Grant Committee of the government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region","award":["9042922"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9042922"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alteration in cortisol response to acute social stressors has been hypothesized to mediate childhood adversities (CA) and increased morbidity in adulthood. However, the evidence supporting an association between CA and cortisol response to social stressors is inconclusive. The present review addressed this issue by reviewing the literature on CA and cortisol response to acute social stressors, with a focus on studies with adolescents or adults, using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) to assess CA, and examining salivary cortisol response to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Systematic searches of relevant articles in PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science and ScienceDirect in February and March 2020 identified 12 articles including 1196 participants with mean ages ranging from 15.3 to 52.3 yrs. across studies. CTQ scores were significantly associated with cortisol response in 2 studies. In addition, the physical abuse and emotional neglect subscales were associated with cortisol response respectively in 2 separate studies. The lack of association between CA and cortisol response calls for more longitudinal studies, and the use of formal records of maltreatment or informant reports in future research to complement information collected by retrospective measures. In addition, increased attention to biological mechanisms other than that associated with the regulation of cortisol in explaining the connection between CA and psychiatry morbidity is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T08:38:43Z","timestamp":1608712723000},"page":"29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Childhood Adversities and Salivary Cortisol Responses to the Trier Social Stress Test: A Systematic Review of Studies Using the Children Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4074-689X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuk Ling Julian","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychophysiology Laboratory, Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7406-1349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daryl Yu Heng","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychophysiology Laboratory, Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique On Yee","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychophysiology Laboratory, Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.019","article-title":"The influence of geographical and economic factors in estimates of childhood abuse and neglect using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A worldwide meta-regression analysis","volume":"51","author":"Viola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.754","article-title":"Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities building a new framework for health promotion and disease prevention","volume":"301","author":"Shonkoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30621-8","article-title":"Trajectories of childhood adversity and mortality in early adulthood: A population-based cohort study","volume":"396","author":"Rod","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berens, A.E., Jensen, S.K.G., and Nelson, C.A. 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