{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:13:26Z","timestamp":1791900806402,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,25]],"date-time":"2020-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-exercise recovery is a broad term that refers to the restoration of training capacity. After training or competition, there is fatigue accumulation and a reduction in sports performance. In the hours and days following training, the body recovers and performance is expected to return to normal or improve. ScienceDirect, PubMed\/MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases were reviewed to identify studies and position declarations examining the relationship between nutrition and sports recovery. As an evidence-based framework, a 4R\u2019s approach to optimizing post-exercise recovery was identified: (i) Rehydration\u2014a fundamental process that will depend on the athlete, environment and sports event; (ii) Refuel\u2014the consumption of carbohydrates is not only important to replenish the glycogen reserves but also to contribute to the energy requirements for the immune system and tissue reparation. Several bioengineered carbohydrates were discussed but further research is needed; (iii) Repair\u2014post-exercise ingestion of high-quality protein and creatine monohydrate benefit the tissue growth and repair; and (iv) Rest\u2014pre-sleep nutrition has a restorative effect that facilitates the recovery of the musculoskeletal, endocrine, immune, and nervous systems. Nutritional consultancy based on the 4R\u2019s is important for the wise stewardship of the hydration, feeding, and supplementation strategies to achieve a timely recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,25]],"date-time":"2020-12-25T09:30:19Z","timestamp":1608888619000},"page":"103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["The 4R\u2019s Framework of Nutritional Strategies for Post-Exercise Recovery: A Review with Emphasis on New Generation of Carbohydrates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2634-1220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego A.","family":"Bonilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division, DBSS International SAS, Bogot\u00e1 110861, Colombia"},{"name":"Research Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas, Bogot\u00e1 110311, Colombia"},{"name":"Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, Monter\u00eda 230002, Colombia"},{"name":"kDNA Genomics, Joxe Mari Korta Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"P\u00e9rez-Id\u00e1rraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division, DBSS International SAS, Bogot\u00e1 110861, Colombia"},{"name":"Move Nutrition, Medell\u00edn 050021, Colombia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Odriozola-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"kDNA Genomics, Joxe Mari Korta Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain"},{"name":"Sport Genomics Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain"},{"name":"Phymo Lab, Physiology and Molecular Laboratory, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3906-1658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard B.","family":"Kreider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise &amp; Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1113\/JP274158","article-title":"Mitochondrial cristae density: A dynamic entity that is critical for energy production and metabolic power in skeletal muscle","volume":"595","author":"Leveille","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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