{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T21:58:36Z","timestamp":1781128716545,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,26]],"date-time":"2020-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we investigated the trends and patterns of antibiotic consumption (macrolides and lincosamides) in China\u2019s healthcare institutions from 2015 to 2017. The China Drug Supply Information Platform (CDSIP) was officially launched in 2015. We collected records from this national centralized bidding procurement system between 2015 and 2017. The use of J01F antibiotics (macrolides or lincosamides) was calculated in a defined daily dose per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID).Purchase data from 70,366 national medical facilities included in the CDSIP were collected. The procurement data of 66,007 medical facilities have not changed over 3 years. There is a slight decline in the consumption of J01F antibiotics, which decreased from 3.03 DID in 2015 to 2.91 DID in 2017. Azithromycin (20.6%) was the most commonly used antibiotic in 2017 among all classes, followed by clindamycin (17.9%) and erythromycin (13.7%). Parenteral antibiotics accounted for 32.0% of total antibiotic consumption and 59.6% of total antibiotics expenditure in 2017. The overall consumption of most antibiotics decreased slightly over the 3-yearstudy period. This may be owing to China\u2019s health-related policies in the past few years. A gap still exists in antibiotic use between regions and dosage forms. Further studies are needed to optimize antibiotic prescribing and reduce antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,27]],"date-time":"2020-12-27T20:04:58Z","timestamp":1609099498000},"page":"113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Antibiotics (Macrolides and Lincosamides) Consumption Trends and Patterns in China\u2019s Healthcare Institutes. Based on a 3 Year Procurement Records, 2015\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Wenchen","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China\u2019s Western Technological Innovation Harbor, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Hassan Gillani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China\u2019s Western Technological Innovation Harbor, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China\u2019s Western Technological Innovation Harbor, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China\u2019s Western Technological Innovation Harbor, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7296-8641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China\u2019s Western Technological Innovation Harbor, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caijun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China\u2019s Western Technological Innovation Harbor, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China\u2019s Western Technological Innovation Harbor, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghuan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China\u2019s Western Technological Innovation Harbor, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyue","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China\u2019s Western Technological Innovation Harbor, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, 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