{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:50:54Z","timestamp":1760161854544,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: A review of epidemiological data demonstrates relationships between defined health behaviours linked with religious affiliation and a reduced risk of developing and dying from Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). The aim of the study was to compare the lifestyle of Seventh-day Adventists (SDA) and Catholics (CA), to determine the relationship between the lifestyle of SDA, CA and the level of serum homocysteine as a risk factor for CVD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 252 SDA and CA. The following tools were used: interview questionnaire, anthropometric measurement, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the Inventory of Health Behaviours (IHB), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), laboratory tests (homocysteine level), and the Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Results: Selected lifestyle elements, such as smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol, physical activity, diet, Body Mass Index (BMI), health behaviours on the IHB, psychosocial factors and level of stress for CA were significantly different in comparison to SDA. The religion professed by the respondents was not significantly associated with the increased level of homocysteine as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The level of homocysteine for CA were significantly different in comparison to SDA. The studied group of CA was significantly influenced by socio-demographic factors: gender, age, education, place of residence, BMI and lifestyle: drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes, consumption of dark bread, pasta, and groats. For the studied group of SDA, the level of homocysteine was significantly influenced by socio-demographic factors such as gender, age, professional activity, and consumption of legumes. Conclusions: Public health professionals and nurses should develop culturally specific educational interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T08:35:19Z","timestamp":1609749319000},"page":"309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparison of Lifestyle of Catholics and Seventh-Day Adventists and the Relationship with Homocysteine as Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Diseases, a Cross-Sectional Study in Polish Males and Females"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Majda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Fundamentals ul, Institute of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Micha\u0142owskiego 12, 31-126 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Zalewska-Pucha\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Fundamentals ul, Institute of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Micha\u0142owskiego 12, 31-126 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8445-4442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Bodys-Cupak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Fundamentals ul, Institute of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Micha\u0142owskiego 12, 31-126 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicja","family":"Kami\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Fundamentals ul, Institute of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Micha\u0142owskiego 12, 31-126 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2937-5346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kurowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Fundamentals ul, Institute of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Micha\u0142owskiego 12, 31-126 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6279-7359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Suder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Management, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Majda, A., Zalewska-Pucha\u0142a, J., and Og\u00f3rek-T\u0119cza, B. (2014). Piel\u0119gniarstwo Transkulturowe, Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"96","article-title":"Religion and health-can religion promote health care? Hi 1-the value of health in the world\u2019s great religions","volume":"7","author":"Pawlikowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kardiol. Dypl."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"87","article-title":"Religion and health-can religion promote health care? Part 2-religiosity and health","volume":"8","author":"Pawlikowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kardiol. Dypl."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"349","article-title":"The relationship between religion and health in epidemiological studies","volume":"32","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pol. Merkuriusz Lek."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324796ABM2301_10","article-title":"Religious attendance increases survival by improving and maintaining god health behaviors, mental health, and social relationships","volume":"23","author":"Strawbridge","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1177\/109019819802500604","article-title":"Religion\u2019s role in promoting health and reducing risk among American youth","volume":"25","author":"Wallace","year":"1998","journal-title":"Health Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1998.9379793.x","article-title":"Researching the spiritual dimensions of alcohol and other drug problems","volume":"93","author":"Miller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/009164719101900102","article-title":"Religious commitment and mental health: A review of the empirical literature","volume":"19","author":"Gartner","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Psychol. Theol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"169","article-title":"Homocysteina","volume":"1","author":"Korzeniowska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Farm. Wsp\u00f3\u0142cz."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"19","article-title":"Elevated blood homocysteine as an indicator of health risk","volume":"3","author":"Kraczkowska","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biul. Wydz. Farm. AMW"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"25","article-title":"How to prevent hyperhomocysteinemia? Natural sources of folates and B vitamins in the Polish diet","volume":"11","year":"2005","journal-title":"Czyn. Ryz."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.16.1933","article-title":"Association of elevated homocysteine levels with a higher risk of recurrent coronary events and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction","volume":"163","author":"Matetzky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"106","article-title":"Old and new cardiovascular risk factors\u2014How to stop atherosclerosis? Part I, Classic risk factors","volume":"1","author":"Modrzejewski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forum. Zaburze\u0144 Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"4","article-title":"Homocysteine in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Naruszewicz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Czyn. Ryz."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"19","article-title":"Current view on the role of hyperhomocysteinemia in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Naruszewicz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pol. Przegl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"156","article-title":"Homocysteine as a risk factor for lifestyle diseases; in which cases is it necessary to mark it?","volume":"5","author":"Naruszewicz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chor Serca Naczy\u0144."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.5603\/KP.a2015.0175","article-title":"Global risk of death from cardiovascular diseases of the adult Polish population: A prospective assessment of cohorts examined in multi-center nationwide population health studies-WOBASZ and WOBASZ Senior","volume":"74","author":"Piotrowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kardiol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"23","article-title":"Homocysteine and other risk factors for coronary heart disease in the population of Poles in the light of the NATPOL Plus study","volume":"11","author":"Zdrojewski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Czyn. Ryz."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2020, October 07). Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. Available online: http:\/\/gdansk.ptkardio.pl\/files\/articles\/52\/kp_supl_i_2012_wytyczne_esc_2012_zapobieganie_chorobom_serca_i_naczyn.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"3","article-title":"Prevalence of psychosocial risk factors in Poland","volume":"1","author":"Kozakiewicz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forum Profilaktyki"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1","article-title":"PFP Working Group consensus on psychosocial risk factors","volume":"1","author":"Podolec","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forum Profilaktyki"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"3","article-title":"Socioeconomic factors and basic cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"1","author":"Rutkowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forum Profilaktyki"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"190","article-title":"The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among the followers of the Seventh-day. Adventist Church living in the South of Poland","volume":"23","author":"Majda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Probl. Piel\u0119g."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"268","article-title":"Lifestyle, homocysteine levels and risk of cardiovascular disease among followers of Seventh-day Adventist Church living in South Poland","volume":"97","author":"Majda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Probl. Hig. Epidemio."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"193","article-title":"Lifestyle, homocysteine levels and the risk of cardiovascular disease among Catholics living in the South of Poland","volume":"24","author":"Majda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Probl. Piel\u0119g."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.5114\/ms.2017.68701","article-title":"Risk factors for diseases of the cardiovascular system among Catholics living in areas of southern Poland","volume":"3","author":"Majda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stud. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1515\/pielxxiw-2017-0022","article-title":"The comparison of cardiovascular risk factors prevalence among Catholics and Seventh-day Adventists living in Southern Poland","volume":"3","author":"Majda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Piel\u0119g. XXI w."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"276","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk factors among Muslims and Jews in Poland-preliminary research","volume":"99","author":"Majda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Probl. Hig. Epidemio."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m, M., Ainsworth, B., Bauman, A., Bull, F., Craig, C., and Sallis, J. (2020, April 07). International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Available online: http:\/\/www.ipaq.ki.se\/ipaq.htm."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Juczy\u0144ski, Z. (2001). Measurement Tools in the Promotion and Health Psychology, Pracownia Test\u00f3w Psychologicznych Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychologicznego."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Juczy\u0144ski, Z., and Ogi\u0144ska-Bulik, N. (2012). Tools for Measuring Stress and Coping with Stress, Pracownia Test\u00f3w Psychologicznych Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychologicznego."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"108","article-title":"Nicotine dependency identifying in primary medical care","volume":"3\u20134","author":"Gerstenkorn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Rodz."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1999.10718840","article-title":"Risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes in two groups of Hispanic Americans with differing dietary habits","volume":"18","author":"Aleksander","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Greenwood, P.E., and Nikulin, M.S. (1996). A Guide Testem Chi-Kwadrat, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosmer, D.W., and Lemeshow, S. (2000). Applied Logistic Regression, 2nd ed, Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471722146"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"199","article-title":"Application of logistic regression in experimental research","volume":"2\u20133","author":"Danieluk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Spo\u0142."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2004.04.014","article-title":"A cohort study found that earlier and longer Seventh-day Adventist church membership was associated with reduced male mortality","volume":"58","author":"Heuch","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-011-9598-x","article-title":"Parity and total, ischemic heart disease and stroke mortality. The Adventist Health Study, 1976\u20131988","volume":"26","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839914532812","article-title":"Religious involvement and health-related behaviours among Black Seventh-day Adventists in Canada","volume":"16","author":"McKenzie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Promot. Pract."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.6473","article-title":"Vegetarian Dietary Patterns and Mortality in Adventist Health Study 2","volume":"173","author":"Orlich","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.59.3.562","article-title":"Intrinsic religiousness and religious coping as life stress moderators for Catholics versus Protestants","volume":"59","author":"Park","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.2307\/2948657","article-title":"Social and psychological factors in coronary heart disease","volume":"4","author":"Wardwell","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Health Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"197","article-title":"The importance of religiosity in the patient\u2019s life","volume":"21","author":"Janiszewska","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pol. Merkuriusz Lek."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"395","article-title":"The quality of adult Polish population nutrition with respect to cardiovascular diseases-WOBASZ study","volume":"41","author":"Sygnowska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"5","article-title":"Prevalence of major risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Poland. NATPOL PLUS test results","volume":"61","author":"Zdrojewski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kardiol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.076901","article-title":"Consumption of nuts and legumenes and risk of incident ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Afshin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/1\/309\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:06:39Z","timestamp":1760159199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/1\/309"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18010309"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18010309","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]}}}