{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:52:48Z","timestamp":1789519968796,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["686239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["686239"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulmonary exposure to micro- and nanoscaled particles has been widely linked to adverse health effects and high concentrations of respirable particles are expected to occur within and around many industrial settings. In this study, a field-measurement campaign was performed at an industrial manufacturer, during the production of paints. Spatial and personal measurements were conducted and results were used to estimate the mass flows in the facility and the airborne particle release to the outdoor environment. Airborne particle number concentration (1 \u00d7 103\u20131.0 \u00d7 104 cm\u22123), respirable mass (0.06\u20130.6 mg m\u22123), and PM10 (0.3\u20136.5 mg m\u22123) were measured during pouring activities. In overall; emissions from pouring activities were found to be dominated by coarser particles &gt;300 nm. Even though the raw materials were not identified as nanomaterials by the manufacturers, handling of TiO2 and clays resulted in release of nanometric particles to both workplace air and outdoor environment, which was confirmed by TEM analysis of indoor and stack emission samples. During the measurement period, none of the existing exposure limits in force were exceeded. Particle release to the outdoor environment varied from 6 to 20 g ton\u22121 at concentrations between 0.6 and 9.7 mg m\u22123 of total suspended dust depending on the powder. The estimated release of TiO2 to outdoors was 0.9 kg per year. Particle release to the environment is not expected to cause any major impact due to atmospheric dilution<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T08:58:34Z","timestamp":1610096314000},"page":"418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Occupational Exposure and Environmental Release: The Case Study of Pouring TiO2 and Filler Materials for Paint Production"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna-Kaisa","family":"Viitanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, FI-00032 Ty\u00f6terveyslaitos, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2245-1921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomi","family":"Kanerva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, FI-00032 Ty\u00f6terveyslaitos, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5455-6288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arto","family":"S\u00e4\u00e4m\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, FI-00032 Ty\u00f6terveyslaitos, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Aguerre-Chariol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caract\u00e9risation de l\u2019Environnement (CARA), INERIS, 93310 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastien","family":"Fable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caract\u00e9risation de l\u2019Environnement (CARA), INERIS, 93310 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrien","family":"Dermigny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caract\u00e9risation de l\u2019Environnement (CARA), INERIS, 93310 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Karoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caract\u00e9risation de l\u2019Environnement (CARA), INERIS, 93310 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaline","family":"Fraboulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caract\u00e9risation de l\u2019Environnement (CARA), INERIS, 93310 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismo Kalevi","family":"Koponen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clean Air Technologies, FORCE Technology, DK-2605 Br\u00f8ndby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Delpivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human &amp; Environmental Health &amp; Safety, LEITAT Technological Center, 08005 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Vilchez Villalba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human &amp; Environmental Health &amp; Safety, LEITAT Technological Center, 08005 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0835-1158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Socorro","family":"V\u00e1zquez-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human &amp; Environmental Health &amp; Safety, LEITAT Technological Center, 08005 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander Christian","family":"\u00d8sterskov Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Signe","family":"Hjortkj\u00e6r Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2950-4993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicklas","family":"Sahlgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per Axel","family":"Clausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Xuan Nguyen Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivi","family":"Kofoed-S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2764-3634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keld","family":"Alstrup Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6769-1999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joonas","family":"Koivisto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"ARCHE Consulting, B-9032 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Air Pollution Management, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 UHEL Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxx049","article-title":"Workplace Measurements of Ultrafine Particles\u2014A Literature Review","volume":"61","author":"Viitanen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. 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