{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:43:46Z","timestamp":1760233426064,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim was to compare the influence of fixed orthodontic therapy (OT) on the pharyngeal airway space dimensions after correction of class-I, -II and -III skeletal profiles and among untreated adolescent patients. A control group comprising of untreated patients was also included. Demographics and OT-related information was retrieved from patients\u2019 records. Measurements of airway spaces in the nasopharynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx were performed on lateral cephalograms. p-values under 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The results showed no statistically significant differences in the naso-, oro- and hypo-pharyngeal airway spaces among patients with class-I, -II and -III skeletal profiles and individuals in the control group. There were no statistically significant differences when naso-, oro- and hypo-pharyngeal airway spaces were compared among patients with class-I, -II and -III skeletal profiles. In conclusion, in non-extraction cases without maxillary expansion, fixed OT does not affect the naso-, oro- and hypo-pharyngeal airway spaces in patients with skeletal Class-I, -II and -III skeletal profiles. Further studies involving patients undergoing ME and premolar extraction are needed to elucidate the influence of fixed OT on the naso-, oro- and hypo-pharyngeal airway spaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T19:55:56Z","timestamp":1610308556000},"page":"517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Influence of Fixed Orthodontic Therapy on Pharyngeal Airway Dimensions after Correction of Class-I, -II and -III Skeletal Profiles in Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yara","family":"Al Senani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Al Jouharah","family":"Al Shammery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abeer","family":"Al Nafea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5313-8412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nisreen","family":"Al Absi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3036-0384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Al Kadhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deema","family":"Al-Shammery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199001000-00007","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome or abnormal upper airway resistance during sleep?","volume":"7","author":"Stoohs","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. 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