{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T19:00:47Z","timestamp":1767985247397,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"(San Francisco) Bay Area Air Quality Management District","award":["PP14316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PP14316"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Air pollution is a major contributor to human morbidity and mortality, potentially exacerbated by COVID-19, and a threat to planetary health. Participatory research, with a structural violence framework, illuminates exposure inequities and refines mitigation strategies. Home to profitable oil and shipping industries, several census tracts in Richmond, CA are among the most heavily impacted by aggregate burdens statewide. Formally trained researchers from the Center for Environmental Research and Children\u2019s Health (CERCH) partnered with the RYSE youth justice center to conduct youth participatory action research on air quality justice. Staff engaged five youth researchers in: (1) collaborative research using a network of passive air monitors to quantify neighborhood disparities in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), noise pollution and community risk factors; (2) training in environmental health literacy and professional development; and (3) interpretation of findings, community outreach and advocacy. Inequities in ambient NO2, but not SO2, were observed. Census tracts with higher Black populations had the highest NO2. Proximity to railroads and major roadways were associated with higher NO2. Greenspace was associated with lower NO2, suggesting investment may be conducive to improved air quality, among many additional benefits. Youth improved in measures of empowerment, and advanced community education via workshops, Photovoice, video, and \u201dzines\u201d.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T11:36:11Z","timestamp":1610364971000},"page":"554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["\u201cFreedom to Breathe\u201d: Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) to Investigate Air Pollution Inequities in Richmond, CA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7427-2875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James E. S.","family":"Nolan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Research and Children\u2019s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric S.","family":"Coker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3824-7036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bailey R.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RYSE Youth Justice Center, Richmond, CA 94805, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yahna A.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RYSE Youth Justice Center, Richmond, CA 94805, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim G.","family":"Harley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Research and Children\u2019s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000000889","article-title":"Control of Lead Sources in the United States, 1970\u20132017: Public Health Progress and Current Challenges to Eliminating Lead Exposure","volume":"25","author":"Dignam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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