{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T21:52:49Z","timestamp":1789768369634,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wy\u017cszego","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 29.610.021-110."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 29.610.021-110."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Minister of Science and Higher Education in the range of the program entitled \u201cRegional Initiative of Excellence\u201d for the years 2019\u20132022","award":["010\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["010\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study is to describe the drug resistance and virulence of enterococci in river water sampled downstream (DRW) and upstream (URW) from the wastewater discharge point, to determine the pool of virulent and drug-resistant enterococci in untreated wastewater (UWW) and the extent to which these bacteria are eliminated from hospital wastewater (HWW) and municipal wastewater treated (TWW) by biological and mechanical methods in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). A total of 283 strains were identified with the use of culture-dependent methods and PCR, including seven different species including E. faecalis and E. faecium which were predominant in all analyzed samples. Majority of the strains were classified as multidrug resistant (MDR), mostly on streptomycin and trimethoprim. Strains isolated from wastewater and DRW harbored van genes conditioning phenotypic resistance to vancomycin, the highest percentage of vancomycin-resistant strains (57.0%), mostly strains harboring vanC1 genes (27.6%), was noted in TWW. More than 65.0% of the isolated strains had different virulence genes, the highest number of isolates were positive for cell wall adhesin efaA and sex pheromones cob, cpd, and ccf which participate in the induction of virulence. Many of the strains isolated from TWW were resistant to a higher number of drugs and were more virulent than those isolated from UWW and HWW. The enterococci isolated from DRW and wastewater were characterized by similar multidrug resistance and virulence profiles, and significant correlations were observed between these groups of isolates. These findings suggest that pathogenic enterococci are released with TWW and can spread in the river, pose a serious epidemiological threat and a risk to public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T11:36:11Z","timestamp":1610364971000},"page":"563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["The Prevalence of Virulent and Multidrug-Resistant Enterococci in River Water and in Treated and Untreated Municipal and Hospital Wastewater"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6342-9574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Gotkowska-P\u0142achta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Protection Engineering and Environmental Microbiology, The Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawoche\u0144skiego 1, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140466","article-title":"The impact of WWTP size and sampling season on the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater and the river system","volume":"741","author":"Harnisz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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