{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:47:41Z","timestamp":1787510861122,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wy\u017cszego","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IP 2015 022074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP 2015 022074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malignant neoplasms are among the most common diseases and are responsible for the majority of deaths in the developed world. In contrast to men, available data show a clear upward trend in the incidence of lung cancer in women, making it almost as prevalent as breast cancer. Women might be more susceptible to the carcinogenic effect of tobacco smoke than men. Furthermore, available data indicate a much more frequent mutation of the tumor suppressor gene-p53 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) female patients compared to males. Another important factor, however, might lie in the female sex hormones, whose mitogenic or carcinogenic effect is well known. Epidemiologic data show a correlation between hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or oral contraceptives (OCs), and increased mortality rates due to the increased incidence of malignant tumors, including lung cancer. Interestingly, two types of estrogen receptors have been detected in lung cancer cells: ER\u03b1 and ER\u03b2. The presence of ER\u03b1 has been detected in tissues and non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines. In contrast, overexpression of ER\u03b2 is a prognostic marker in NSCLC. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of estrogens in the etiopathogenesis of lung cancer, as well as biological, hormonal and genetic sex-related differences in this neoplasm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T11:39:14Z","timestamp":1610624354000},"page":"648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Plausible Role of Estrogens in Pathogenesis, Progression and Therapy of Lung Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9525-9952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Musial","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Zaucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3371-5013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Kuban-Jankowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucyna","family":"Konieczna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Belka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1683-3803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Marino Gammazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Baczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Cappello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7083-6792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Wozniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7366-8429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Gorska-Ponikowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.05.007","article-title":"Lung Cancer Risk, Genetic Variation, and Air Pollution","volume":"2","author":"Urman","year":"2015","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.1_suppl.21S","article-title":"Epidemiology of lung cancer","volume":"123","author":"Alberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2011.09.001","article-title":"Lung cancer: Epidemiology, etiology, and prevention","volume":"32","author":"Tanoue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. 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