{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:23:00Z","timestamp":1780496580579,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Fund from National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan","award":["1620AQ025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1620AQ025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The formaldehyde (FA) embalming method, the world\u2019s most common protocol for the fixation of cadavers, has been consistently used in medical universities in Myanmar. This study was designed to examine the indoor FA concentrations in anatomy dissection rooms, an exposed site, and lecture theater, an unexposed control site, and to access personal exposure levels of FA and clinical symptoms of medical students and instructors. In total, 208 second year medical students (1\/2019 batch) and 18 instructors from Department of Anatomy, University of Medicine 1, participated. Thirteen dissection sessions were investigated from February 2019 to January 2020. Diffusive sampling devices were used as air samplers and high-performance liquid chromatography was used for measurement of FA. Average indoor FA concentration of four dissection rooms was 0.43 (0.09\u20131.22) ppm and all dissection rooms showed indoor concentrations above the occupational exposure limits and short-term exposure limit for general population. Personal FA exposure values were higher than indoor FA concentrations and the instructors (0.68, 0.04\u20132.11 ppm) had higher exposure than the students (0.44, 0.06\u20131.72 ppm). Unpleasant odor, eye and nose irritations and inability to concentrate were frequently reported FA-related symptoms, and the students were found to have significantly higher risks (p &lt; 0.05) of having these symptoms during the dissection sessions than during lecture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T12:44:05Z","timestamp":1610714645000},"page":"712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Indoor Formaldehyde Concentration, Personal Formaldehyde Exposure and Clinical Symptoms during Anatomy Dissection Sessions, University of Medicine 1, Yangon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5869-0505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Win-Yu","family":"Aung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Medicine 1, Yangon 11014, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hironari","family":"Sakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayana","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ei-Ei-Pan-Nu","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Medicine 1, Yangon 11014, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaw-Lin","family":"Thein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Medicine 1, Yangon 11014, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myint-San","family":"Nwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, University of Medicine 1, Yangon 11014, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanda","family":"Shein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, University of Medicine 1, Yangon 11014, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Htin","family":"Linn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, University of Medicine 1, Yangon 11014, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigehisa","family":"Uchiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Saitama 351-0197, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6516-8379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoki","family":"Kunugita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tin-Tin","family":"Win-Shwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba-City 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ohn","family":"Mar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Medicine 1, Yangon 11014, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1308\/003588407X168244","article-title":"Anatomy in a modern medical curriculum","volume":"89","author":"Turney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. 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