{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:41:49Z","timestamp":1787060509603,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31200399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31200399"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"self-determined research funds of Central China Normal University","award":["CCNU18TS023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCNU18TS023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bisphenol A (BPA) is a typical endocrine disruptor that causes problems in waters all around the world. In this study, the effects of submerged macrophytes (Ceratophyllum demersum and Myriophyllum spicatum) cultured in vitro on the removal of BPA at two initial concentrations (0.5 mg L\u22121 vs. 5.0 mg L\u22121) from Donghu lake water were investigated, using different biomass densities (2 g L\u22121 vs. 10 g L\u22121) under different nutrient conditions (1.85 mg L\u22121 and 0.039 mg L\u22121 vs. 8.04 mg L\u22121 and 0.175 mg L\u22121 of the total nitrogen and phosphorus concentration, respectively), together with the effect of indigenous microorganisms in the water. The results showed that indigenous microorganisms had limited capacity for BPA removal, especially at higher BPA initial concentration when its removal rate amounted to about 12% in 12 days. Addition with plant seedlings (5 cm in length) greatly enhanced the BPA removal, which reached 100% and over 50% at low and high BPA initial concentration in 3 days, respectively. Higher biomass density greatly favored the process, resulting in 100% of BPA removal at high BPA initial concentration in 3 days. However, increases in nutrient availability had little effect on the BPA removal by plants. BPA at 10.0 mg L\u22121 significantly inhibited the growth of M. spicatum. Therefore, C. demersum may be a candidate for phytoremediation due to greater efficiency for BPA removal and tolerance to BPA pollution. Overall, seedlings of submerged macrophytes from in vitro culture showed great potential for use in phytoremediation of BPA in natural waters, especially C. demersum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T04:55:31Z","timestamp":1611032131000},"page":"810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Enhanced Phytoremediation of Bisphenol A in Polluted Lake Water by Seedlings of Ceratophyllum demersum and Myriophyllum spicatum from In Vitro Culture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Chong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, No. 152, Luoyu Avenue, HongShan District, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"The College of Urban &amp; Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University, No. 152, Luoyu Avenue, HongShan District, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guosen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, No. 152, Luoyu Avenue, HongShan District, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, No. 152, Luoyu Avenue, HongShan District, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.05.070","article-title":"From BPA to its analogues: Is it a safe journey","volume":"158","author":"Usman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2012.08.010","article-title":"An integrated assessment of estrogenic contamination and feminization risk in fish in taihu lake, China","volume":"84","author":"Yan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. 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