{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:15:10Z","timestamp":1777929310518,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K12DA035150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12DA035150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DHI 09-086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DHI 09-086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIR 12-345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIR 12-345"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prior research on the relationship between veterans\u2019 mental health and psychosocial functioning has primarily relied on male samples. Here, we investigated prospective longitudinal relationships between mental health and psychosocial functioning in 554 female Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans who were surveyed three times between two- and seven-years following separation from service. Mixed effects modeling revealed that increasing depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity predicted declines in work functioning. Increasing PTSD severity predicted declining parental functioning and worsening depression predicted a decline in relationship functioning. In turn, decreased work and intimate relationship functioning predicted increased PTSD and depression symptom severity suggesting bi-directional effects between mental health and psychosocial functioning. An examination of the effect of deployment stressors on psychosocial functioning revealed that deployment sexual harassment was the strongest predictor of decreased psychosocial functioning across all domains. Evidence for the reciprocal nature of relationships between mental health and psychosocial functioning underscore the need for treatment targeted at PTSD and depression, as well as work and relationship functioning to improve outcomes for women veterans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18030935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T03:31:30Z","timestamp":1611286290000},"page":"935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Mental Health and Psychosocial Functioning in Recently Separated U.S. Women Veterans: Trajectories and Bi-Directional Relationships"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7235-5594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen A.","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawne","family":"Vogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for PTSD Women\u2019s Health Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5783-3781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam J.","family":"Dugan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shawn","family":"Nigam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Slade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian N.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for PTSD Women\u2019s Health Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2010.61.6.589","article-title":"Reintegration Problems and Treatment Interests Among Iraq and Afghanistan Combat Veterans Receiving VA Medical Care","volume":"61","author":"Sayer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatr. 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