{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T22:42:52Z","timestamp":1784932972103,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,24]],"date-time":"2021-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lateral elbow tendinopathy, or \u201ctennis elbow,\u201d is a pathology that affects around 1.3% of the general population. Capacitive\u2013resistive electric transfer therapy aims to provoke temperature and current flow changes in superficial and deep tissues. The aim of this in vitro study was to analyze the thermal behavior and transmission of electric current on the superficial and deep tissues of the elbow during the application of different modalities of a capacitive\u2013resistive electric transfer treatment protocol for chronic elbow tendinopathy. A cross-sectional study was designed; five fresh cryopreserved cadavers (10 elbows) were included in this study. A 30 min intervention was performed based on a protocol commonly used in clinics for the treatment of chronic lateral elbow tendinopathy by diathermy using the \u201cT-Plus.\u201d Common extensor tendon, radiohumeral capsule, and superficial temperatures were registered after each application for the duration of the 30 min treatment protocol. During all applications, we observed a current flow of over 0.03 A. The protocol showed a statistically significant increase in superficial temperature by 24% (5.02\u00b0) (p &lt; 0.005), the common extensor tendon by 19.7% (4.36\u00b0) (p &lt; 0.007), and the radiohumeral joint capsule by 17.5% (3.41\u00b0) (p &lt; 0.005) at the end of the 30 min protocol compared with the baseline temperature. The different applications of the protocol showed specific effects on the temperature and current flow in the common extensor tendon and radiohumeral capsule. All applications of the protocol produced a current flow that is associated with the generation of cell proliferation. These results strengthen the hypothesis of cell proliferation and thermal changes in deep and distal structures. More studies are needed to confirm these results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T02:07:00Z","timestamp":1611540420000},"page":"1012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Thermal and Current Flow Effects of a Capacitive\u2013Resistive Electric Transfer Application Protocol on Chronic Elbow Tendinopathy. A Cadaveric Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9524-4248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"L\u00f3pez-de-Celis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l\u2019Atenci\u00f3 Prim\u00e0ria de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0419-1943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacobo","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7667-2178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Hidalgo-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Fisioterapia, Universidad de Zaragoza, C\/Domingo Miral S\/N, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9202-3351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sim\u00f3n A.","family":"Cede\u00f1o-Berm\u00fadez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1765-1056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Zegarra-Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Fanlo-Mazas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Fisioterapia, Universidad de Zaragoza, C\/Domingo Miral S\/N, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5607-0708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"P\u00e9rez-Bellmunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj325","article-title":"Prevalence and Determinants of Lateral and Medial Epicondylitis: A Population Study","volume":"164","author":"Shiri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Swedish Council on Health Technology Assessment (2006). Methods of Treating Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review, Swedish Council on Health Technology Assessment (SBU)."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2018.01.040","article-title":"Current advances in the treatment of medial and lateral epicondylitis","volume":"15","author":"Tarpada","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1298\/jjpta.Vol17_001","article-title":"Effects of therapeutic ultrasound on intramuscular blood circulation and oxygen dynamics","volume":"17","author":"Morishita","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Phys. Ther. Assoc. Rigaku Ryoho"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2017.1289252","article-title":"Effect of Capacitive and Resistive electric transfer on haemoglobin saturation and tissue temperature","volume":"33","author":"Tashiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(80)90067-4","article-title":"Repair and healing of the divided digital flexor tendon","volume":"12","author":"Richards","year":"1980","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/ar416","article-title":"The vasculature and its role in the damaged and healing tendon","volume":"4","author":"Fenwick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Res."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"271","article-title":"Rotator cuff tendinitis","volume":"53","author":"Macnab","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2005.35.1.16","article-title":"Effect of fluidotherapy on superficial radial nerve conduction and skin temperature","volume":"35","author":"Kelly","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/61.3.345","article-title":"Ultrasound\u2019s effect on the conduction latency of the superficial radial nerve in man","volume":"61","author":"Halle","year":"1981","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2011.616182","article-title":"Effector CD8 + T cell IFN- \u03b3 production and cytotoxicity are enhanced by mild hyperthermia","volume":"28","author":"Mace","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2011.589234","article-title":"Mild hyperthermia enhances human monocyte-derived dendritic cell functions and offers potential for applications in vaccination strategies","volume":"27","author":"Knippertz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-De-Celis, C., Hidalgo-Garc\u00eda, C., P\u00e9rez-Bellmunt, A., Fanlo-Mazas, P., Gonz\u00e1lez-Rueda, V., Tric\u00e1s-Moreno, J.M., Ortiz, S., and Rodr\u00edguez-Sanz, J. (2020). Thermal and non-thermal effects off capacitive-resistive electric transfer application on the Achilles tendon and musculotendinous junction of the gastrocnemius muscle: A cadaveric study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-3072-4"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Bule, M.L., Trillo, M.\u00c1., and \u00dabeda, A. (2014). Molecular mechanisms underlying antiproliferative and differentiating responses of hepatocarcinoma cells to subthermal electric stimulation. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084636"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1159\/000366375","article-title":"Electric stimulation at 448 kHz promotes proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"34","author":"Trillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.30.719","article-title":"Effect of Capacitive and Resistive electric transfer on changes in muscle flexibility and lumbopelvic alignment after fatiguing exercise","volume":"30","author":"Yokota","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2014.10.014","article-title":"Cryoultrasound therapy and tendonitis in athletes: A comparative evaluation versus laser CO2 and t.e.ca.r.therapy","volume":"94","author":"Muscaritoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.12.43","article-title":"Clinical Effects of Capacitive Electric Transfer Hyperthermia Therapy for Cervico-Omo-Brachial Pain","volume":"12","author":"Takahashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78612-8","article-title":"Thermal and non-thermal effects of capacitive\u2013resistive electric transfer application on different structures of the knee: A cadaveric study","volume":"10","author":"Simon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2014.11.005","article-title":"An anatomical and histological study of the structures surrounding the proximal attachment of the hamstring muscles","volume":"20","author":"Casals","year":"2015","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grimnes, S.M.\u00d8. (2000). Joule Effect and Temperature Rise, Academic Press. Bioimpedance and Bioelectricity Basics. Elsevier. Ed.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012303260-7\/50009-5"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0833-9","article-title":"Return to Sport in Athletes with Midportion Achilles Tendinopathy: A Qualitative Systematic Review Regarding Definitions and Criteria","volume":"48","author":"Habets","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6492597","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6492597","article-title":"Achilles Tendinopathy: Current Concepts about the Basic Science and Clinical Treatments","volume":"2016","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/15368378.2019.1567525","article-title":"Acute effects of capacitive and resistive electric transfer (CRet) on the Achilles tendon","volume":"38","author":"Bito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/3\/1012\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:14:40Z","timestamp":1760159680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/3\/1012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,24]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18031012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18031012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,24]]}}}