{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T19:33:33Z","timestamp":1776195213687,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the nationwide growth pattern of infants in Korea according to the birth-weight group and to analyze the effect of growth on development. A total of 430,541 infants, born in 2013 and who received the infant health check-up regularly from 6 months to 60 months of age, were included. The weight, height, head circumferences percentiles, and neurodevelopment using screening tests results were compared among the birth-weight groups. Using longitudinal analysis, the study found a significant difference in height, weight, and head circumference, respectively, according to age at health check-up, birth weight group, and combination of age and birth weight (p &lt; 0.001). The growth parameters at 60 months of age showed a significant correlation with those at 6 months of age especially in extremely low birth weight infants. The incidence of suspected developmental delay was significantly higher in infants with growth below the 10th percentiles than in those with growth above the 10th percentiles. Among 4571 (1.6%) infants with suspected developmental delay results at 60 months of age, birth weight, sex, and poor growth parameters were confirmed as associated factors. This nationwide Korean study shows that poor growth and neurodevelopment outcomes persisted among low-birth-weight infants at 60 months of age. Our findings provide guidance for developing a nationwide follow-up program for infants with perinatal risk factors in Korea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T09:25:22Z","timestamp":1611912322000},"page":"1206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Identification of Growth Patterns in Low Birth Weight Infants from Birth to 5 Years of Age: Nationwide Korean Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7028-7217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"So Jin","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4376-6607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joohee","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung Ho","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4376-8541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong Eun","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0174-1065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soon Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ho Seon","family":"Eun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min Soo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kook In","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1752-8","article-title":"First-year growth of 834 preterm infants in a Chinese population: A single-center study","volume":"19","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e386","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.17-7-e386","article-title":"Early Nutrition in Preterm Infants: Effects on Neurodevelopment and Cardiometabolic Health","volume":"17","author":"Kunz","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeoReviews"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1159\/000161862","article-title":"Growth of Preterm Born Children","volume":"70","author":"Euser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.05.027","article-title":"Effect of Intra- and Extrauterine Growth on Long-Term Neurologic Outcomes of Very Preterm Infants","volume":"175","author":"Guellec","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3638","article-title":"Longitudinal Growth and Neuropsychological Functioning at Age 7 in Moderate and Late Preterms","volume":"138","author":"Dotinga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000246201.93662.8e","article-title":"Growth Trajectories of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants From Birth to Young Adulthood: A Longitudinal, Population-Based Study","volume":"60","author":"Saigal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e328013da6c","article-title":"Catch-up growth in small for gestational age babies: Good or bad?","volume":"14","author":"Ong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2020, July 25). Icd-10 Version. Available online: https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse10\/2019\/en."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"KOrean Statistical Information Service (2020, July 25). National Statistics. Available online: http:\/\/kosis.kr\/statisticsList\/statisticsListIndex.do?menuId=M_01_01&vwcd=MT_ZTITLE&parmTabId=M_01_01#SelectStatsBoxDiv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.5124\/jkma.2010.53.5.377","article-title":"Review of National Health Screening Program for Infant and Children in Korea","volume":"53","author":"Moon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2019.43.4.490","article-title":"Clinical Usefulness of the Korean Developmental Screening Test (K-DST) for Developmental Delays","volume":"43","author":"Jang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2020.00640","article-title":"Development of the Korean Developmental Screening Test for Infants and Children (K-DST)","volume":"63","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2018.07381","article-title":"Validity of the Korean Developmental Screening Test for very-low-birth-weight infants","volume":"62","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-019-03552-z","article-title":"Growth patterns and body composition in former extremely low birth weight (elbw) neonates until adulthood: A systematic review","volume":"179","author":"Allegaert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.03.002","article-title":"Growth patterns in the growth-retarded premature infant","volume":"22","author":"Pilling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2006-0039","article-title":"Small for Gestational Age: Short Stature and Beyond","volume":"28","author":"Saenger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1159\/000489675","article-title":"Catch-Up Growth, Rapid Weight Growth, and Continuous Growth from Birth to 6 Years of Age in Very-Preterm-Born Children","volume":"114","author":"Toftlund","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2019.03.004","article-title":"Risk factors for postdischarge growth retardation among very-low-birth-weight infants: A nationwide registry study in Taiwan","volume":"60","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2017","article-title":"Management of the Child Born Small for Gestational Age through to Adulthood: A Consensus Statement of the International Societies of Pediatric Endocrinology and the Growth Hormone Research Society","volume":"92","author":"Clayton","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1452","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1069","article-title":"Growth in 10- to 12-Year-Old Children Born at 23 to 25 Weeks\u2019 Gestation in the 1990s: A Swedish National Prospective Follow-up Study","volume":"118","author":"Farooqi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"350","article-title":"Growth and growth hormone treatment in short stature children born small for gestational age","volume":"6","author":"Labarta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Endocrinol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12468","article-title":"Early postnatal growth and neurodevelopment in children born moderately preterm or small for gestational age at term: A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Taine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Paediatr. P\u00e9rinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2018.12.004","article-title":"Catch-up growth and behavioral development among preterm, small-for-gestational-age children: A nationwide Japanese population-based study","volume":"41","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.08.015","article-title":"Early Postnatal Weight Gain, Intellectual Performance, and Body Mass Index at 7 Years of Age in Term Infants with Intrauterine Growth Restriction","volume":"154","author":"Pylipow","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0361","article-title":"Impact of Prenatal and\/or Postnatal Growth Problems in Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants on School-Age Outcomes: An 8-Year Longitudinal Evaluation","volume":"118","author":"Casey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F235","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315082","article-title":"Early postnatal growth failure in preterm infants is not inevitable","volume":"104","author":"Andrews","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2018.2018.0162","article-title":"Extreme premature small for gestational age infants have appropriate catch-up growth at term equivalence compared with extreme premature appropriate for gestational age infants","volume":"11","author":"Ng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e120","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2207","article-title":"Postnatal Head Growth in Preterm Infants: A Randomized Controlled Parenteral Nutrition Study","volume":"133","author":"Morgan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2018-0239","article-title":"Identification of growth patterns of preterm and small-for-gestational age children from birth to 4 years\u2014Do they catch up?","volume":"47","author":"Olbertz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. P\u00e9rinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-008-0101-3","article-title":"Growth hormone treatment for short stature in children born small for gestational age","volume":"25","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.13939","article-title":"Risk factors for absence of catch-up growth in small for gestational age very low-birthweight infants","volume":"61","author":"Arai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/3\/1206\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:17:11Z","timestamp":1760159831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/3\/1206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18031206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18031206","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]}}}