{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T07:35:04Z","timestamp":1768808104818,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004919","name":"King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LGP-36-237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGP-36-237"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004919","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the level of halitosis in patients with\/without fixed crowns and in addition the influence of various crown parameters on halitosis was also explored. Methods: In total, 96 subjects (fixed crowns = 52; no crowns = 44) participated in the study. The levels volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), and dimethyl sulphide (CH3SCH3) were evaluated with breath samples using gas chromatography and used for classification as presence or absence of halitosis. The periodontal clinical parameters for all the participants as well as the crown parameters for participants with fixed crowns were also evaluated. Cross tabulation, Chi-square test, and one-way analysis of variance tests were used for the statistical analysis and comparisons. Results: Breath samples revealed, 50 (52.1%) participants were suffering from halitosis. Out of VSCs, the level of CH3SCH3 (62.5%) was found to be the most prevalent. Significant correlations were observed between the presence of fixed crowns and oral halitosis (p &lt; 0.001). Statistically significant difference in the concentration of H2S and CH3SH (p &lt; 0.001) and no significance for CH3SCH3 (p = 0.075) between patients with\/without fixed crowns was found. The presence of halitosis was more prevalent in the subjects with crown parameters (subgingival margin, over-contoured margin, open-crown margin, over-contoured and under-contoured crowns) considered clinically defective\/unacceptable (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Presence of fixed dental crowns significantly contributes to the oral halitosis. Dental crowns with defects significantly impair the hygienic conditions and oral microflora resulting in high prevalence of halitosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T05:16:28Z","timestamp":1612156588000},"page":"1283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Relationship between Fixed Dental Crowns and Volatile Sulphur Compounds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9355-1722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamad","family":"Alzoman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4398-3479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed","family":"Rashid Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sultan","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internship Program, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hebah","family":"Al-Juhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internship Program, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rawan","family":"Daabash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internship Program, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wijdan","family":"Al-Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internship Program, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mansour","family":"Al-Askar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sulieman","family":"Al-Johany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12725","article-title":"Halitosis: Prevalence, risk factors, sources, measurement and treatment\u2013a review of the literature","volume":"65","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust. 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