{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T14:00:22Z","timestamp":1780581622436,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST109-2314-B-468-001-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST109-2314-B-468-001-MY2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease that causes sudden hair loss. Although few studies have reported the association between AA and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the impact of methylphenidate (MPH) on AA has not been examined. This study examined whether AA risk is higher in children with ADHD than in those without ADHD as well as the impact of MPH use on AA risk in children with ADHD. From the Taiwan Maternal and Child Health Database, we enrolled all 1,750,456 newborns from 2004 to 2017 in Taiwan. Of them, 90,016 children received a diagnosis of ADHD whereas the remaining 1,660,440 did not. To compare AA risk in ADHD and the impact of MPH treatment on it, multiple Cox regression with adjustments for covariates (i.e., age, sex, and psychiatric comorbidities) was performed. The results indicated that 88 (0.098%) children with ADHD and 1191 (0.072%) children without ADHD had AA. Nevertheless, after adjustment for the covariates, AA risk was higher in children with ADHD than in those without ADHD (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04\u20131.64). Our data indicated a considerable reduction in AA risk (aHR: 0.64) among children with ADHD who received MPH than among those who did not receive MPH; however, this difference was nonsignificant, indicated by a wide 95% CI (0.32\u20131.25). In conclusion, ADHD and AA may share some underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T05:16:28Z","timestamp":1612156588000},"page":"1286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Increased Alopecia Areata Risk in Children with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder and the Impact of Methylphenidate Use: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5333-3923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsing-Ying","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Kai","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5637-558X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szu-Yuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan"},{"name":"Big Data Center, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan 26546, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Radiation Oncology, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan 26546, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Business Administration, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 24205, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ray C.","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine and Children\u2019s Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2934-5814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Lung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1156-4939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Fang","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12261627","article-title":"Immunohistochemical and Electron Microscopic Characterization of the Cellular Infiltrate in Alopecia (Areata, Totalis, and Universalis)","volume":"83","author":"Ranki","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. 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