{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:29:35Z","timestamp":1777894175219,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Socially, economically, politically and emotionally (SEPE) disadvantaged children are shorter than children from affluent background. In view of previous work on the lack of association between nutrition and child growth, we performed a study in urban schoolchildren. We measured 723 children (5.83 to 13.83 years); Kupang, Indonesia; three schools with different social background. We investigated anthropometric data, clinical signs of malnutrition, physical fitness, parental education, and household equipment. Subjective self-confidence was assessed by the MacArthur test. The prevalence of stunting was between 8.5% and 46.8%. Clinical signs of under- or malnutrition were absent even in the most underprivileged children. There was no delay in tooth eruption. Underprivileged children are physically fitter than the wealthy. The correlation between height and state of nutrition (BMI_SDS, skinfold_SDS, MUAC_SDS) ranged between r = 0.69 (p &lt; 0.01) and r = 0.43 (p &lt; 0.01) in private school children, and between r = 0.07 (ns) and r = 0.32 (p &lt; 0.01) in the underprivileged children. Maternal education interacted with height in affluent (r = 0.20, p &lt; 0.01) and in underprivileged children (r = 0.20, p &lt; 0.01). The shortness of SEPE disadvantaged children was not associated with anthropometric and clinical signs of malnutrition, nor with delay in physical development. Stunting is a complex phenomenon and may be considered a synonym of social disadvantage and poor parental education.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T13:01:12Z","timestamp":1612270872000},"page":"1350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Stunting as a Synonym of Social Disadvantage and Poor Parental Education"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1954-7578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christiane","family":"Scheffler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Human Biology, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4037-1597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Hermanussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kiel, Aschauhof, 24340 Eckernf\u00f6rde-Altenhof, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sugi Deny Pranoto","family":"Soegianto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesian Pediatric Society, East Nusa Tenggara Branch, Kupang-East Nusa Tenggara, Kupang 85351, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandro Valent","family":"Homalessy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesian Medical Association Branch, Kupang 85351, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel Yan","family":"Touw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesian Medical Association Branch, Kupang 85351, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sevany Isabella","family":"Angi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DDS PPDGS Konservasi Gigi FKG UGM, Jl. Sekip Utara, Sumatra, Medan 20153, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Queen Sugih","family":"Ariyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesian Medical Association Branch, Kupang 85351, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tjahyo","family":"Suryanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesian Pediatric Society, East Nusa Tenggara Branch, Kupang-East Nusa Tenggara, Kupang 85351, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni Kathlix Immanuel","family":"Matulessy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesian Medical Association Branch, Kupang 85351, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taolin","family":"Fransiskus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesian Pediatric Society, East Nusa Tenggara Branch, Kupang-East Nusa Tenggara, Kupang 85351, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea V. Ch.","family":"Safira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesian Medical Association Branch, Kupang 85351, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Natalia","family":"Puteri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesian Medical Association Branch, Kupang 85351, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rani","family":"Rahmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesian Medical Association Branch, Kupang 85351, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debora Natalia","family":"Ndaparoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesian Medical Association Branch, Kupang 85351, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Kurniati Ester","family":"Payong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesian Medical Association Branch, Kupang 85351, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yohannes Dian","family":"Indrajati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DDS PPDGS Konservasi Gigi FKG UGM, Jl. Sekip Utara, Sumatra, Medan 20153, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reynardo Kurnia Hadiyanto","family":"Purba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang 85351, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regina Maya","family":"Manubulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesian Pediatric Society, East Nusa Tenggara Branch, Kupang-East Nusa Tenggara, Kupang 85351, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madarina","family":"Julia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada-Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aman B.","family":"Pulungan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia-Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheffler, C., Hermanussen, M., Bogin, B., Liana, D.S., Taolin, F., Cempaka, P.M.V.P., Irawan, M., Ibbibah, L.F., Mappapa, N.K., and Payong, M.K.E. 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