{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T01:19:28Z","timestamp":1770686368247,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the US, adult immunization coverage remains low, especially among vulnerable populations, as recent hepatitis A outbreaks have demonstrated. We studied the vaccination history variation among the US adults who use drugs by implementing a community-engaged research survey to identify reported immunization coverage, missed opportunities (MO), and places where immunizations might be delivered. Our analysis of a sample of 1127 participants recruited at community syringe exchanges in three cities identified higher overall vaccination receipt in Los Angeles compared to Atlanta or Las Vegas (e.g., HAV receipt 52.2% LA, 42.1% LV, 41.4% Atlanta). Overall, fewer participants reported having received HAV (45.9%), HBV (47.5%), or influenza (47.6%) vaccines than MMR (57.1%) or Td\/Tdap (61.1%). Across sites, HAV receipt was higher for participants incarcerated \u2265 5 years (54.2% vs. 43.6% for those incarcerated &lt; 5 years, 49.4% no incarceration history, p = 0.02). HBV receipt was higher among participants who were not intravenous drug users (56.1% vs. 46.0%, p = 0.03). Additionally, income &gt;$20k predicted higher rates of MMR receipt (67.0% vs. 56.5%, p = 0.009), as did stable housing (62.8% vs. 54.3%, p = 0.01). To address the need to expand vaccine coverage among vulnerable adults, delivering vaccine at sites where persons who use drugs access services, or in correctional facilities, may be warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T12:02:10Z","timestamp":1612440130000},"page":"1447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Identifying Missed Opportunities for Routine Vaccination among People Who Use Drugs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Paula","family":"Frew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UNLV School of Public Health, UNLV School of Medicine, and UNLV Population Health &amp; Health Equity Initiative, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Schamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNLV School of Public Health, UNLV School of Medicine, and UNLV Population Health &amp; Health Equity Initiative, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Randall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNLV School of Public Health, UNLV School of Medicine, and UNLV Population Health &amp; Health Equity Initiative, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNLV School of Public Health, UNLV School of Medicine, and UNLV Population Health &amp; Health Equity Initiative, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Holloway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Welfare, UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Burris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNLV School of Public Health, UNLV School of Medicine, and UNLV Population Health &amp; Health Equity Initiative, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Spaulding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"HBOU Project Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Vaccine Advisory Committee (2013). Strategies to achieve the healthy people 2020 annual influenza vaccine coverage goal for health-care personnel: Recommendations from the national vaccine advisory committee. Public Health Rep., 128, 7\u201325.","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491312800103"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Vaccine Advisory Committee (2018). Strengthening the Effectiveness of National, State, and Local Efforts to Improve HPV Vaccination Coverage in the United States: Recommendations From the National Vaccine Advisory Committee. Public Health Rep., 133, 543\u2013550.","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354918793629"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Vaccine Advisory Committee (2020). 2020 National Vaccine Plan Development: Recommendations From the National Vaccine Advisory Committee. Public Health Rep., 135, 181\u2013188.","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354920904074"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2020, December 08). National Health Interview Survey. Vaccination Coverage among Adults in the United States, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/imz-managers\/coverage\/adultvaxview\/pubs-resources\/NHIS-2016.html."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2020, December 08). Healthy People, Available online: https:\/\/www.healthypeople.gov\/2020."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance of vaccination coverage among adult populations\u2014United States, 2014","volume":"65","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Wexler, A., Dawson, L., Kates, J., and Artiga, S. (2020, December 08). State Variation in Seasonal Flu Vaccination: Implications for a COVID-19 Vaccine. Available online: https:\/\/www.kff.org\/coronavirus-covid-19\/issue-brief\/state-variation-in-seasonal-flu-vaccination-implications-for-a-covid-19-vaccine."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2012.03.008","article-title":"Characteristics associated with the uptake of influenza vaccination among adults in the United States","volume":"54","author":"Takayama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2015.10.031","article-title":"Uptake of Influenza Vaccination and Missed Opportunities Among Adults with High-Risk Conditions, United States, 2013","volume":"129","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2020, December 08). Flu Vaccination Coverage, United States, 2018\u20132019 Influenza Season, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/fluvaxview\/coverage-1819estimates.htm."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2020, December 08). National Health Interview Survey. Vaccination Coverage among Adults in the United States, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/imz-managers\/coverage\/adultvaxview\/pubs-resources\/NHIS-2017.html#box2."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e198","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3506","article-title":"Estimation of Geographic Variation in Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Uptake in Men and Women: An Online Survey Using Facebook Recruitment","volume":"16","author":"Nelson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.06.077","article-title":"Pneumococcal vaccination in older adults: An initial analysis of social determinants of health and vaccine uptake","volume":"38","author":"Gatwood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.02.014","article-title":"Racial disparities in U.S. maternal influenza vaccine uptake: Results from analysis of Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) data, 2012\u20132015","volume":"37","author":"Arnold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e267","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdy189","article-title":"Characteristics associated with influenza vaccination uptake among adults","volume":"41","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Public Heal."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01324-y","article-title":"A Map of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Influenza Vaccine Uptake in the Medicare Fee-for-Service Program","volume":"37","author":"Hall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Welty, L., Harrison, A., Abram, K., Olson, N., Aaby, D., and McCoy, K. (2019). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, HHS Publication."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics (2020). Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Hedegaard, H., Mini\u00f1o, A.M., and Warner, M. (2020). Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 1999\u20132018. NCHS Data Brief, US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"15","article-title":"The US opioid epidemic is driving a spike in infectious diseases","volume":"571","author":"Reardon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102727","article-title":"Rural risk environments, opioid-related overdose, and infectious diseases: A multidimensional, spatial perspective","volume":"85","author":"Kolak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2019.1635555","article-title":"The opioid and related drug epidemics in rural Appalachia: A systematic review of populations affected, risk factors, and infectious diseases","volume":"41","author":"Schalkoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Subst. Abus."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.06.009","article-title":"Geographic Variation in Opioid and Heroin Involved Drug Poisoning Mortality Rates","volume":"53","author":"Ruhm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e196373","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.6373","article-title":"Characteristics of US Counties With High Opioid Overdose Mortality and Low Capacity to Deliver Medications for Opioid Use Disorder","volume":"2","author":"Haffajee","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2018.0447","article-title":"Opioid use disorder and homelessness in the Veterans Health Administration: The challenge of multimorbidity","volume":"14","author":"Iheanacho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Opioid Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112585","article-title":"Association between homelessness and opioid overdose and opioid-related hospital admissions\/emergency department visits","volume":"242","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002287","article-title":"Homelessness at diagnosis is associated with death among people with HIV in a population-based study of a US city","volume":"33","author":"Spinelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354919874088","article-title":"Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B Vaccination Coverage Among Persons Who Inject Drugs and Have Evidence of Hepatitis C Infection","volume":"134","author":"Koepke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Heal. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1136\/ewjm.172.1.16","article-title":"Risk of hepatitis B infection among young injection drug users in San Francisco: Opportunities for intervention","volume":"172","author":"Seal","year":"2000","journal-title":"West. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.07.030","article-title":"Hepatitis B vaccination coverage among high-risk adults 18\u201349 years, U.S., 2009","volume":"29","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2006.03.018","article-title":"Determinants of influenza vaccination in hard-to-reach urban populations","volume":"43","author":"Bryant","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.70701","article-title":"A Mobile Buprenorphine Treatment Program for Homeless Patients With Opioid Use Disorder","volume":"70","author":"Buzza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milaney, K., Passi, J., Zaretsky, L., Liu, T., O\u2019Gorman, C.M., Hill, L., and Dutton, D. (2020, November 10). Drug Use, Homelessness and Health: Responding to The Opioid Overdose Crisis with Housing First Models. Available online: https:\/\/assets.researchsquare.com\/files\/rs-97739\/v1_stamped.pdf.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-97739\/v1"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.12.045","article-title":"Provider time and costs to vaccinate adult patients: Impact of time counseling without vaccination","volume":"37","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2018.0437","article-title":"Mandatory Health Care Provider Counseling For Parents Led To A Decline In Vaccine Exemptions In California","volume":"37","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heal. Aff."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubin, D.B. (1987). Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.329","article-title":"Multiple imputation by chained equations: What is it and how does it work?","volume":"20","author":"Azur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280206074463","article-title":"Multiple imputation of discrete and continuous data by fully conditional specification","volume":"16","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Haar, M. (2020, November 10). RANDOM.ORG: True Random Number Service. Available online: http:\/\/www.random.org."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s362","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.986","article-title":"Provision of Hepatitis A Vaccine by Paramedics During Noncritical Patient Interactions: Lessons Learned","volume":"41","author":"Reardon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1403697","article-title":"An analysis of factors associated with influenza, pneumoccocal, Tdap, and herpes zoster vaccine uptake in the US adult population and corresponding inter-state variability","volume":"14","author":"La","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6806a6","article-title":"Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for Use of Hepatitis A Vaccine for Persons Experiencing Homelessness","volume":"68","author":"Doshani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beall, B., Walker, H., Tran, T., Li, Z., Varghese, J., McGee, L., Li, Y., Metcalf, B.J., Gierke, R., and Mosites, E. (2020). Upsurge of Conjugate Vaccine Serotype 4 Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Clusters Among Adults Experiencing Homelessness in California, Colorado, and New Mexico. J. Infect. Dis.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa501"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ly, T.D., Castaneda, S., Dao, T.L., and Gautret, P. (2020). Vaccine-preventable diseases other than tuberculosis, and homelessness: A systematic review of the published literature, 1980 to 2020. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.28.20220335"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-018-0517-x","article-title":"Assessing and Improving Zoster Vaccine Uptake in a Homeless Population","volume":"43","author":"Waltermaurer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Community Heal."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-020-00812-0","article-title":"Food Insecurity and Influenza and Pneumonia Vaccines Uptake Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in the United States","volume":"45","author":"Mahmood","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Community Heal."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2017.11.004","article-title":"Association between race\/ethnicity and disability status and receipt of vaccines among older adults in Florida","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Disabil. Heal. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2020.1717557","article-title":"The association between mental health diagnoses and influenza vaccine receipt among older primary care patients","volume":"25","author":"Lawrence","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Heal. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.08.001","article-title":"Changes in childhood immunization decisions in the United States: Results from 2012 & 2014 National Parental Surveys","volume":"34","author":"Frew","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"CD003941","article-title":"Patient reminder and recall interventions to improve immunization rates","volume":"1","author":"Vann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"492","article-title":"Immunization in the United States: Recommendations, barriers, and measures to improve compliance: Part 2: Adult vaccinations","volume":"41","author":"Ventola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.08.064","article-title":"Using campaigns to improve perceptions of the value of adult vaccination in the United States: Health communication considerations and insights","volume":"35","author":"Nowak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2019_407","article-title":"New Pertussis Vaccines: A Need and a Challenge","volume":"Volume 1183","author":"Hozbor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.04.045","article-title":"The impact of time since vaccination and study design on validity in parental recall of childhood vaccination status in the All Our Families cohort","volume":"36","author":"Rafferty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy980","article-title":"Measles Seroprevalence and Vaccine Responses in Human Immunodeficiency Virus\u2013infected Adolescents and Adults: A Systematic Review","volume":"69","author":"Loevinsohn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.04.028","article-title":"Awareness among adults of vaccine-preventable diseases and recommended vaccinations, United States, 2015","volume":"35","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6926a3","article-title":"Use of Molecular Epidemiology to Inform Response to a Hepatitis A Outbreak\u2014Los Angeles County, California, October 2018\u2013April 2019","volume":"69","author":"Haddix","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/15398285.2019.1646586","article-title":"Prescription for Literacy: Patient Education Resources for Drugs, Complementary Medicine, and Vaccinations","volume":"23","author":"Nunley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Consum. Heal. Internet"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1177\/1367493519831499","article-title":"The necessity of education and hepatitis B vaccination for young people: A study of high risk behaviour for blood borne viruses in the United Kingdom","volume":"23","author":"Sira","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child Heal. Care"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"117","article-title":"Forgotten but Not Gone: Learning From the Hepatitis A Outbreak and Public Health Response in San Diego","volume":"26","author":"Wooten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Top. Antivir. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000845","article-title":"Resurgence of measles in the United States: How did we get here?","volume":"32","author":"Feemster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.12.020","article-title":"\u201cYou don\u2019t trust a government vaccine\u201d: Narratives of institutional trust and influenza vaccination among African American and white adults","volume":"221","author":"Jamison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quinn, S., Jamison, A., Musa, D., Hilyard, K., and Freimuth, V. (2016). Exploring the Continuum of Vaccine Hesitancy Between African American and White Adults: Results of a Qualitative Study. PLoS Curr., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/currents.outbreaks.3e4a5ea39d8620494e2a2c874a3c4201"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.10.001","article-title":"Determinants of trust in the flu vaccine for African Americans and Whites","volume":"193","author":"Freimuth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffith, D.M., Bergner, E.M., Fair, A.S., and Wilkins, C.H. (2020). Using Mistrust, Distrust, and Low Trust Precisely in Medical Care and Medical Research Advances Health Equity. Am. J. Prev. Med.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.08.019"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmid, P., Rauber, D., Betsch, C., Lidolt, G., and Denker, M.-L. (2017). Barriers of Influenza Vaccination Intention and Behavior\u2014A Systematic Review of Influenza Vaccine Hesitancy, 2005\u20132016. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170550"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, K.-Y., and Fang, C.-T. (2020). Public health responses to person-to-person hepatitis A outbreaks. J. Infect. Dis.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa638"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-019-00679-w","article-title":"Community Screening, Identification, and Referral to Primary Care, for Hepatitis C, B, and HIV Among Homeless Persons in Los Angeles","volume":"44","author":"Fuster","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Community Heal."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2027577","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.27577","article-title":"Association of Number of Doses With Hepatitis B Vaccine Series Completion in US Adults","volume":"3","author":"Bruxvoort","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.09.006","article-title":"Implementation of a hepatitis A\/B vaccination program using an accelerated schedule among high-risk inmates, Los Angeles County Jail, 2007\u20132010","volume":"30","author":"Costumbrado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/4\/1447\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:20:09Z","timestamp":1760160009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/4\/1447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18041447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18041447","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]}}}