{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T23:24:03Z","timestamp":1783553043608,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sasakawa Sports Foundation","award":["190B3-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["190B3-009"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19H03996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19H03996"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Although several neighborhood environmental factors have been identified to be associated with older adults\u2019 physical activity, little research has been done in rural areas where the population is aging. This study aimed to investigate neighborhood environmental factors and the longitudinal change of physical activity status among rural older adults in Japan. (2) Methods: The study included 2211 older adults, aged over 60 years, residing in three municipalities in Shimane prefecture and participating at least twice in annual health checkups between 2010 and 2019. Physical activity was identified based on self-report. Hilliness, bus stop density, intersection density, residential density, and distance to a community center were calculated for each subject. Hazard ratios for the incidence of physical inactivity were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. (3) Results: We found that 994 (45%) of the study subjects became physically inactive during the follow-up. Those living far from a community center had a lower risk of becoming physically inactive compared to those living close to a community center. When the analysis was stratified by residential municipality, this association remained in Ohnan town. Those living in hilly areas had a higher risk of becoming physically inactive in Okinoshima town. (4) Conclusions: The impact of neighborhood environmental factors on older adults\u2019 physical activity status might differ by region possibly due to different terrain and local lifestyles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T12:02:10Z","timestamp":1612440130000},"page":"1450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Neighborhood Environmental Factors and Physical Activity Status among Rural Older Adults in Japan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Kenta","family":"Okuyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6, Lund University, Jan Waldenstr\u00f6ms Gata 35, 20502 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 223-8 Enya-cho, Izumo-shi, Shimane 693-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takafumi","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 223-8 Enya-cho, Izumo-shi, Shimane 693-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6, Lund University, Jan Waldenstr\u00f6ms Gata 35, 20502 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3214-9646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuta","family":"Toyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 223-8 Enya-cho, Izumo-shi, Shimane 693-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Sundquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6, Lund University, Jan Waldenstr\u00f6ms Gata 35, 20502 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 223-8 Enya-cho, Izumo-shi, Shimane 693-8501, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Nabika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 223-8 Enya-cho, Izumo-shi, Shimane 693-8501, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Functional Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo-shi, Shimane 693-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, June 03). Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases: 2013\u20132020. 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