{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T19:42:44Z","timestamp":1768678964534,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has affected people\u2019s lives globally. While important research has been conducted, much remains to be known. In Bangladesh, initial treatment (self-administered, hospitalized), persistent COVID-19 symptoms (\u201clong COVID-19\u201d), and whether COVID-19 leads to changes in mental state, such as depressive symptoms, of people are not known. This study aimed to examine treatment, persistent symptoms, and depression in people who had been infected with COVID-19 in Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 1002 individuals infected with COVID-19 (60% male; mean age = 34.7 \u00b1 13.9; age range = 18\u201381 years), with data taken over a one-month period (11 September 2020 to 13 October 2020). A self-reported online questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographics, lifestyle, COVID-19 symptoms (during and beyond COVID-19), medication (over-the-counter or doctor-prescribed), and depression (assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)). Results: Twenty-four percent of participants self-medicated with over-the-counter medicine when they were first diagnosed with COVID-19. Self-medication was higher among female vs. male respondents (29.6% vs. 20.2%, respectively, p = 0.002). A minority (20%) reported that they experienced persistent COVID-like symptoms after recovering from COVID-19. The most reported persistent symptoms were diarrhea (12.7%) and fatigue (11.5%). Forty-eight percent of participants were categorized as having moderate to severe depression. Based on multivariate regression analysis, depression during COVID-19 was positively associated with lower family income, poor health status, sleep disturbance, lack of physical activity, hypertension, asthma\/respiratory problems, fear of COVID-19 re-infection, and persistent COVID-19 symptoms. Conclusions: The findings suggest a need for appropriate interventions for COVID-19 patients to promote physical and mental wellbeing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T00:54:35Z","timestamp":1612486475000},"page":"1453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Treatment, Persistent Symptoms, and Depression in People Infected with COVID-19 in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3979-2423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Saiful","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Youth Research Association, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5810-3844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Most. Zannatul","family":"Ferdous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ummay Soumayia","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7682-9187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abu Syed Md.","family":"Mosaddek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Uttara Adhunik Medical College, Uttara, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Quest Bangladesh Biomedical Research Center, Lalmatia, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc N.","family":"Potenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, and Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA"},{"name":"Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA"},{"name":"Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT 06519, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahina","family":"Pardhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision and Eye Research Institute, School of Medicine, Anglia Ruskin University, Young Street, Cambridge CB1 2LZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, January 23). Worldometer COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/?."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316","article-title":"Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus\u2013Infected Pneumonia","volume":"382","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00154","article-title":"COVID-19 and Bangladesh: Challenges and how to address them","volume":"8","author":"Anwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferdous, M.Z., Islam, M.S., Sikder, M.T., Mosaddek, A.S.M., Zegarra-Valdivia, J.A., and Gozal, D. (2020). Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh: An online-based cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.26.20105700"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, M.S., Emran, G.I., Rahman, E., Banik, R., Sikder, T., Smith, L., and Hossain, S. (2020). Knowledge, attitudes and practices associated with the COVID-19 among slum dwellers resided in Dhaka City: A Bangladeshi interview-based survey. J. Public Health.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.09.15.20195255"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, M.S., Potenza, M.N., and Van Os, J. (2020). Posttraumatic stress disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic: Upcoming challenges in Bangladesh and preventive strategies. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry.","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020954469"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2020, December 08). Al Jazeera Coronavirus: Bangladesh Founder\u2019s Birth Centenary Event Postponed. Available online: https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2020\/3\/9\/coronavirus-bangladesh-founders-birth-centenary-event-postponed."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2021, January 23). Worldometer Bangladesh. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/country\/bangladesh\/."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25757","article-title":"COVID-19 patients\u2019 clinical characteristics, discharge rate, and fatality rate of meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12603","article-title":"Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19","volume":"324","author":"Bernabei","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6930e1","article-title":"Symptom Duration and Risk Factors for Delayed Return to Usual Health Among Outpatients with COVID-19 in a Multistate Health Care Systems Network\u2014United States, March\u2013June 2020","volume":"69","author":"Tenforde","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moldofsky, H., and Patcai, J. (2011). Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, depression and disordered sleep in chronic post-SARS syndrome; a case-controlled study. BMC Neurol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-11-37"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2009.03.001","article-title":"Long-term psychiatric morbidities among SARS survivors","volume":"31","author":"Mak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704002272","article-title":"Psychological distress and negative appraisals in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)","volume":"34","author":"Cheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20004","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200926060-00004","article-title":"Hospitalizations because of adverse drug reactions in elderly patients admitted through the emergency department: A prospective survey","volume":"26","author":"Olivier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1861","article-title":"Prevalence and safety-relevance of drug-related problems in German community pharmacies","volume":"19","author":"Lewinski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.2241","article-title":"Nature and frequency of drug-related problems in self-medication (over-the-counter drugs) in daily community pharmacy practice in Germany","volume":"21","author":"Eickhoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200124140-00002","article-title":"Benefits and risks of self medication","volume":"24","author":"Hughes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7031.629","article-title":"Over the Counter Drugs: Patients, society, and the increase in self medication","volume":"312","author":"Blenkinsopp","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.18203\/2319-2003.ijbcp20203522","article-title":"Self-medication during COVID-19 outbreak: A cross sectional online survey in Dhaka city","volume":"9","author":"Nasir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Basic Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2020, December 08). World Health Organization Report of the WHO Expert Committee on National Drug Policies, Geneva, 19\u201323 June 1995: Contribution to Updating the WHO Guidelines for Developing National Drug Policies. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/63068."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2021, January 23). Dhaka Tribune Patient, Doctors, Nurses Ratio: Bangladesh Lags Far behind Its Neighbours. Available online: https:\/\/www.dhakatribune.com\/health\/2019\/07\/21\/patient-doctors-nurses-ratio-bangladesh-lags-far-behind-its-neighbours."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102014","article-title":"The COVID-19 outbreak: Crucial role the psychiatrists can play","volume":"50","author":"Banerjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tasnim, R., Sujan, M.S.H., Islam, M.S., Ritu, A.H., Siddique, M.A.B., Toma, T.Y., Nowshin, R., Hasan, A., Hossain, S., and Nahar, S. (2020). Prevalence and correlates of anxiety and depression in frontline healthcare workers treating people with COVID-19 in Bangladesh. PsyArXiv.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/3qg9p"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, M.S., Sujan, M.S.H., Tasnim, R., Sikder, M.T., Potenza, M.N., and van Os, J. (2020). Psychological responses during the COVID-19 outbreak among university students in Bangladesh. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/cndz7"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2020, June 20). World Health Organization Depression. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/depression."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrari, A.J., Charlson, F.J., Norman, R.E., Patten, S.B., Freedman, G., Murray, C.J.L., Vos, T., and Whiteford, H.A. (2013). Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS Med., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001547"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2020, June 20). World Health Organization The World Health Report 2001\u2014Mental Health: New Understanding. New Hope. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/whr\/2001\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05057","article-title":"Bin Psychological states of Bangladeshi people four months after the COVID-19 pandemic: An online survey","volume":"6","author":"Zubayer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105912","article-title":"Immediate psychological responses during the initial period of the COVID-19 pandemic among Bangladeshi medical students","volume":"122","author":"Safa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child. Youth Serv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banna, M.H.A., Sayeed, A., Kundu, S., Christopher, E., Hasan, M.T., Begum, M.R., Kormoker, T., Dola, S.T.I., Hassan, M.M., and Chowdhury, S. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of the adult population in Bangladesh: A nationwide cross-sectional study. Int. J. Environ. Health Res., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/chw5d"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2020.491","article-title":"Mental health outcomes of adults with comorbidity and chronic diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic: A matched case-control study","volume":"32","author":"Sayeed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mina, F.B., Billah, M., Karmakar, S., Das, S., Rahman, M.S., Hasan, M.F., and Acharjee, U.K. (2021). An online observational study assessing clinical characteristics and impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health: A perspective study from Bangladesh. Z. Gesundh. Wiss., 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-020-01445-2"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00014","article-title":"Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures","volume":"25","author":"Beaton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2020.1799134","article-title":"Validation and evaluation of the psychometric properties of Bangla nine-item Internet Disorder Scale\u2013Short Form","volume":"38","author":"Islam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Addict. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05392","article-title":"Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors in the Bangladeshi population during the COVID-19 pandemic: An online cross-sectional survey","volume":"6","author":"Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105703","article-title":"Suicidal ideation among Bangladeshi university students early during the COVID-19 pandemic: Prevalence estimates and correlates","volume":"119","author":"Tasnim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child. Youth Serv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.E., Islam, M.S., Mamun, M.A., Moonajilin, M.S., and Yi, S. (2020). Prevalence and factors associated with suicidal ideation among university students in Bangladesh. Arch. Suicide Res., 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2020.1833800"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1017\/S002193201200003X","article-title":"Body mass index of married Bangladeshi women: Trends and association with socio-demographic factors","volume":"44","author":"Hossain","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biosoc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27487","article-title":"Do burdens of underweight and overweight coexist among lower socioeconomic groups in India?","volume":"90","author":"Subramanian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, M.S., Akter, R., Sikder, M.T., and Griffiths, M.D. (2020). Weight-related status and associated predictors with psychological well-being among first-year university students in Bangladesh: A pilot study. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00243-x"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2015.10.004","article-title":"National Sleep Foundation\u2019s updated sleep duration recommendations: Final report","volume":"1","author":"Hirshkowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Heath"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"544","article-title":"Bengali adaptation of Brief Patient Health Questionnaire for screening depression at primary care","volume":"102","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Indian Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obmed.2020.100216","article-title":"Relationship between overweight\/obesity and mental health disorders among Bangladeshi adolescents: A cross-sectional survey","volume":"18","author":"Moonajilin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, M.S., Akter, R., Sikder, T., and Griffiths, M.D. (2020). Prevalence and factors associated with depression and anxiety among first-year university students in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00242-y"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.18.1737","article-title":"Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire","volume":"282","author":"Spitzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, N., Azad, N., Parveen, R., Saha, T., Haque, M., Deb, S., Haque, A., Barman, T., Matin, M.H., and Bhuyian, R. (2020). Clinical profile of first 100 cases of COVID-19 in a COVID-dedicated hospital of Bangladesh. BIRDEM Med. J., 10.","DOI":"10.3329\/birdem.v10i0.50975"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasan, M., Yasmin, N., Seoty, N., Hasan, M., and Shahjahan, M.G. (2019). (Retd) Status of self-medication among the patients attending outpatient department in selected private hospitals in Dhaka city. Bangladesh Med. Res. Counc. Bull., 45.","DOI":"10.3329\/bmrcb.v45i3.44650"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seam, M.O.R., Bhatta, R., Saha, B.L., Das, A., Hossain, M.M., Uddin, S.M.N., Karmakar, P., Choudhuri, M.S.K., and Sattar, M.M. (2018). Assessing the perceptions and practice of self-medication among Bangladeshi undergraduate pharmacy students. Pharmacy, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy6010006"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.06.032","article-title":"The mechanisms that associate community social capital with post-disaster mental health: A multilevel model","volume":"75","author":"Wind","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/disa.12317","article-title":"Community social capital and individual functioning in the post-disaster context","volume":"43","author":"Zahnow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Disasters"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ocan, M., Obuku, E.A., Bwanga, F., Akena, D., Richard, S., Ogwal-Okeng, J., and Obua, C. (2015). Household antimicrobial self-medication: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the burden, risk factors and outcomes in developing countries. BMC Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2109-3"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70054-8","article-title":"Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Morgan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S244163","article-title":"Self-medication practices and associated factors among health-care professionals in selected hospitals of Western Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Fekadu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Patient Prefer. Adherence"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makowska, M., Boguszewki, R., Nowakowski, M., and Podkowi\u0144ska, M. (2020). Self-medication-related behaviors and Poland\u2019s COVID-19 lockdown. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228344"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasir, M., Talha, K.A., Chowdhury, A.S.M.S., Zahan, T., and Parveen, R.A. (2020). Prevalence, Pattern and Impact of Self Medication of Anti-infective Agents During COVID-19 Outbreak in Dhaka City. Glob. J. Med. Res.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-57011\/v1"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1125","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance. An impending crisis","volume":"21","author":"Mah","year":"2000","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2020, December 08). World Health Organization Community-Based Surveillance of Antimicrobial use and Resistance in Resource-Constrained Settings: Report on Five Pilot Projects. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/70036."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70217-6","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part II: Strategies for containment","volume":"5","author":"Okeke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biswas, M., Roy, M.N., Manik, M.I.N., Hossain, M.S., Tapu, S.T.A., Moniruzzaman, M., and Sultana, S. (2014). Self medicated antibiotics in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional health survey conducted in the Rajshahi City. BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-847"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"00542","article-title":"Persistent symptoms 3 months after a SARS-CoV-2 infection: The post-COVID-19 syndrome?","volume":"6","author":"Delbressine","year":"2020","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001822","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01822-2020","article-title":"COVID-19 and pulmonary rehabilitation: Preparing for phase three","volume":"55","author":"Polastri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, M.S., Rahman, M.E., Banik, R., Emran, M.G.I., Noshin, S., Hossain, S., Hasan, M.T., Sikder, M.T., Smith, L., and Potenza, M.N. (2020). Correlates of financial concerns, depression symptoms, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among impoverished urban dwelling individuals in Bangladesh during the COVID-19 pandemic: A face-to-face interview approach. PsyArXiv.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/nfr5m"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"14","article-title":"Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in St.peter Specialized Hospital Treatment Centers","volume":"23","author":"Assefa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismael, F., Bizario, J.C.S., Battagin, T., Zaramella, B., Leal, F.E., Torales, J., Ventriglio, A., Marziali, M.E., Martins, S.S., and Castaldelli-Maia, J.M. (2020). Post-infection depressive, anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms: A retrospective cohort study with mild COVID-19 patients. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.08.25.20182113"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.06.049","article-title":"Panic and generalized anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic among Bangladeshi people: An online pilot survey early in the outbreak","volume":"276","author":"Islam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105277","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of children in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study","volume":"117","author":"Yeasmin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child. Youth Serv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Panchal, N., Kamal, R., Orgera, K., Cox, C., Garfield, R., Hamel, L., Munana, C., and Chidambaram, P. (2021, February 01). The Implications of COVID-19 for Mental Health and Substance Use. Available online: https:\/\/www.kff.org\/health-reform\/issue-brief\/the-implications-of-covid-19-for-mental-health-and-substance-use\/."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2020, December 08). World Health Organization COVID-19 Disrupting Mental Health Services in Most Countries, WHO Survey. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/05-10-2020-covid-19-disrupting-mental-health-services-in-most-countries-who-survey."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2020, December 08). World Health Organization The impact of COVID-19 on Mental, Neurological and Substance Use Services. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/978924012455."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00202","article-title":"The effect of physical activity on cognitive performance in an Italian elementary school: Insights from a pilot study using structural equation modeling","volume":"10","author":"Padulo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/4\/1453\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:20:25Z","timestamp":1760160025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/4\/1453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18041453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18041453","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]}}}