{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T02:47:36Z","timestamp":1792118856966,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Technologies Research and Development Program of China","award":["2016YFC0801700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0801700"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Foundation of China Academy of Safety Science and Technology","award":["2017JBKY02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017JBKY02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Work-related musculoskeletal injuries are one of the major occupational health issues of the workers, especially low back pain (LBP). The aim of this study was to survey the prevalence of LBP among manufacturing workers and to identify associations of individual and work-related factors with LBP. A cross-sectional questionnaire study was performed with 1173 participating manufacturing workers. The questionnaire included individual factors, psychosocial and physical exposures, and musculoskeletal discomfort. It was analyzed by logistic regression and structural equation modeling (SEM). The 1-year prevalence of LBP among Chinese manufacturing workers was 33.6%. Logistic regression analysis showed that job tenure, awkward postures, vibration and job demand were positively\u2014while social support and job control were negatively associated with LBP (p &lt; 0.05). The SEM results indicated that, as shown in other studies, job types, job tenure, postural load, high job demand, low job control and vibration were directly associated with LBP, but also that job types, high job demand, low social support and vibration may have indirect effects on LBP\u2014mediated by postural load.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T08:33:48Z","timestamp":1612514028000},"page":"1525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Study on the Associations of Individual and Work-Related Factors with Low Back Pain among Manufacturing Workers Based on Logistic Regression and Structural Equation Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yidan","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0394-2170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazhakaiti","family":"Maimaiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4166-751X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lihua","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fujiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianning","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongbin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Occupational Safety and Health, NHC, Beijing 102308, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5777-4232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikael","family":"Forsman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Ergonomics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 14157 Huddinge, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7285-824X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liyun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Ergonomics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 14157 Huddinge, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-8910.2015049005874","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic low back pain: Systematic review","volume":"49","author":"Meucci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1511-7","article-title":"Prevalence of low back pain in emergency settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Edwards","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34347","article-title":"A systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain","volume":"64","author":"Hoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-019-02302-w","article-title":"The longitudinal relationships between pain severity and disability versus health-related quality of life and costs among chronic low back pain patients","volume":"29","author":"Mutubuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2011.04.018","article-title":"Grey relational analysis based on instance based learning approach for classification of risks of occupational low back disorders","volume":"49","author":"Akay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE Collaborators (2017). Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet, 390, 1260\u20131344."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001102","article-title":"Variability in negative emotions among individuals with chronic low back pain: Relationships with pain and function","volume":"159","author":"Gerhart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00333-5","article-title":"The role of fear-avoidance beliefs in acute low back pain: Relationships with current and future disability and work status","volume":"94","author":"Fritz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12050","article-title":"The costs and consequences of adequately managed chronic non-cancer pain and chronic neuropathic pain","volume":"14","author":"Andrew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.59.5.323","article-title":"High physical work load and low job satisfaction increase the risk of sickness absence due to low back pain: Results of a prospective cohort study","volume":"59","author":"Hoogendoorn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-015-2900-x","article-title":"Prevalence, consequences and predictors of low back pain among nurses in a tertiary care setting","volume":"39","author":"Abolfotouh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2883","article-title":"Prognostic factors for long-term sickness absence among employees with neck-shoulder and low-back pain","volume":"36","author":"Holtermann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-019-01447-y","article-title":"Sick Leave Due to Musculoskeletal Pain: Determinants of Distinct Trajectories Over 1 Year","volume":"92","author":"Hallman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"HSE (2017, July 28). Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorder Statistics (WRMSDs) in Great Britain 2016, Available online: https:\/\/www.hse.gov.uk\/statistics\/causdis\/musculoskeletal\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.01.026","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for first-time incident low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2010.10.002","article-title":"The Epidemiology of low back pain","volume":"24","author":"Hoy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"421","article-title":"Risk factors of low back pain among the Chinese occupational population: A case-control study","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Romero, B., Smith, M.D., Quintela-del-Rio, A., and Johnston, V. (2020). What Psychosocial and Physical Characteristics Differentiate Office Workers Who Develop Standing-Induced Low Back Pain? A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197104"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-172534","article-title":"Structural equation model of interactions between risk factors and work-related musculoskeletal complaints among Iranian hospital nurses","volume":"57","author":"Mehralizadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20750","article-title":"Risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review of recent longitudinal studies","volume":"53","author":"Vieira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-020-01544-3","article-title":"Musculoskeletal pain among offshore wind industry workers: A cross-sectional study","volume":"93","author":"Mette","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"564","article-title":"Evaluation of Work-related Psychosocial and Ergonomics Factors in Relation to Low Back Discomfort in Emergency Unit Nurses","volume":"3","author":"Habibi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-020-02553-y","article-title":"Differences in physical and psychological health in patients with chronic low back pain: A national survey in general Spanish population","volume":"29","author":"Salazar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.5491\/SHAW.2010.1.2.124","article-title":"Risk Factors of Work-related Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Disorders in Male Shipyard Workers: Structural Equation Model Analysis","volume":"1","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Saf. Health Work"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2019.09.018","article-title":"Cervical musculoskeletal disorders and their relationships with personal and work-related factors among electronic assembly workers","volume":"71","author":"Maimaiti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/mew040","article-title":"Whole Body Vibration Exposures and Health Status among Professional Truck Drivers: A Cross-sectional Analysis","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2017.1314554","article-title":"Combined exposures of whole-body vibration and awkward posture: A cross sectional investigation among occupational drivers by means of simultaneous field measurements","volume":"60","author":"Raffler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"53","article-title":"Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit","volume":"6","author":"Hooper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electron. J. Bus. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001563","article-title":"Structural Equation Model of Disability in Low Back Pain","volume":"41","author":"Melton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2017.04.001","article-title":"Psychosocial factors, musculoskeletal disorders and work-related fatigue amongst nurses in Brunei: Structural equation model approach","volume":"34","author":"Naing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Emerg. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-012-9408-7","article-title":"Pain-related work interference is a key factor in a worker\/workplace model of work absence duration due to musculoskeletal conditions in Canadian nurses","volume":"23","author":"Murray","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Occup. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.2004.00413.x","article-title":"Appraised psychological workload, musculoskeletal symptoms, and the mediating effect of fatigue: A structural equation modeling approach","volume":"45","author":"Hanse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"87","article-title":"Assessment of reliability and validity on WMSDs questionnaire applied in porters","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.29.978","article-title":"Obesity and low back pain: A retrospective cohort study of Japanese males","volume":"29","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanton, N., Hedge, A., Hendrick, H.W., Salas, E., and Brookhuis, K. (2004). Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods, Taylor & Francis, Inc.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203489925"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.3.4.322","article-title":"The Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ): An instrument for internationally comparative assessments of psychosocial job characteristics","volume":"3","author":"Karasek","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hildebrandt, V.H. (2004). The Dutch Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (DMQ), CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203489925.ch5"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqm036","article-title":"The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire","volume":"57","author":"Crawford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"25","article-title":"Introduction to Musculoskeletal Questionnaire-attached questionnaire","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ind. Health Occup. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1470","article-title":"Psychosocial factors at work and musculoskeletal disease","volume":"19","author":"Bongers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"5","article-title":"Structural equation modeling in information systems research using Partial Least Squares","volume":"11","author":"Urbach","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Inf Technol Theory. Appl."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010504","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010504","article-title":"Development of the Chinese version of the Hospital Autonomy Questionnaire: A cross-sectional study in Guangdong Province","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.4.2015.005","article-title":"Determinants of phubbing, which is the sum of many virtual addictions: A structural equation model","volume":"4","author":"Erzen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Kline, R.B. (2010). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modelling, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"27","article-title":"A Study on Actual Conditions of Muscular Strength in Korean Electronics Industry","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Korea Saf. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2010.061770","article-title":"Physical and psychosocial ergonomic risk factors for low back pain in automobile manufacturing workers","volume":"69","author":"Vandergrift","year":"2012","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2008.01.006","article-title":"Musculoskeletal disorders in assembly jobs in the automotive industry with special reference to age management aspects","volume":"38","author":"Landau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Indl. Ergonom."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.18869\/acadpub.johe.1.2.87","article-title":"Prevalence, Pattern and Impact of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders on Functional Performance of Welders in a Nigeria Rural-Urban Center","volume":"1","author":"Gbiri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-019-0129-x","article-title":"Work-Related Factors Associated with Low Back Pain Among Nurse Professionals in East and West Wollega Zones, Western Ethiopia, 2017: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"8","author":"Mekonnen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"280","article-title":"The prevalence of low back pain in Iranian dentists: An epidemiological study","volume":"33","author":"Rahmani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6793090","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6793090","article-title":"Magnitude and Contributing Factors of Low Back Pain among Long Distance Truck Drivers at Modjo Dry Port, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"2019","author":"Yosef","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of Low Back Pain among Higher Secondary School Teachers of Kanpur, India","volume":"1","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Orthopaed. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2014.09.006","article-title":"Occupational Low Back Pain in Primary and High School Teachers: Prevalence and Associated Factors","volume":"37","author":"Ehsani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Manip. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2018.05.009","article-title":"Factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders and disability in elementary teachers: A cross-sectional study","volume":"23","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"NRC (2001). Musculoskeletal Disorders, National Academy Press."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2017.10.003","article-title":"Vibration and Ergonomic Exposures Associated With Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Shoulder and Neck","volume":"9","author":"Charles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saf. Health Work"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1680-7","article-title":"Physical activity and low back pain: A systematic review of recent literature","volume":"20","author":"Heneweer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"684","article-title":"Dose-response relationship between work-related cumulative postural exposure and low back pain: A systematic review","volume":"56","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300343","article-title":"Individual participant data meta-analysis of mechanical workplace risk factors and low back pain","volume":"102","author":"Griffith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.08.006","article-title":"No consensus on causality of spine postures or physical exposure and low back pain: A systematic review of systematic reviews","volume":"102","author":"Swain","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199306000-00013","article-title":"The effects of flexion on the geometry and actions of the lumbar erector spinae","volume":"18","author":"Macintosh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198264050-00008","article-title":"Loads on the lumbar spine. Validation of a biomechanical analysis by measurements of intradiscal pressures and myoelectric signals","volume":"64","author":"Schultz","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Bone. Joint. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-002-0397-7","article-title":"Muscle force evaluation and the role of posture in human lumbar spine under compression","volume":"11","author":"Sadouk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198309000-00013","article-title":"The effect of posture on the fluid content of lumbar intervertebral discs","volume":"8","author":"Adams","year":"1983","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e029264","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-029264","article-title":"Low back pain in emergency ambulance workers in tertiary hospitals in China and its risk factors among ambulance nurses: A cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2012-101116","article-title":"Work-related psychosocial and mechanical risk factors for low back pain: A 3-year follow-up study of the general working population in Norway","volume":"70","author":"Sterud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1316","article-title":"Is there a gender difference in the effect of work-related physical and psychosocial risk factors on musculoskeletal symptoms and related sickness absence?","volume":"35","author":"Hooftman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.MS1335","article-title":"Predictors of sickness absence in patients with a new episode of low back pain in primary care","volume":"50","author":"Melloh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.91.2.330","article-title":"Job characteristics and off-job activities as predictors of need for recovery, well-being, and fatigue","volume":"91","author":"Sonnentag","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"s-0032","article-title":"Personal, Psychosocial, and Occupational Resources for Preventing Persistent Low Back Pain in Primary Care","volume":"2","author":"Melloh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-131672","article-title":"Who is Likely to Develop Persistent Low Back Pain? a Longitudinal Analysis of Prognostic Occupational Factors","volume":"46","author":"Melloh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buruck, G., Tomaschek, A., Wendsche, J., Ochsmann, E., and D\u00f6rfel, D. (2019). Psychosocial areas of worklife and chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-2826-3"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"e2","article-title":"Psychosocial factors at work in relation to low back pain and consequences of low back pain; a systematic, critical review of prospective cohort studies","volume":"61","author":"Hartvigsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/4\/1525\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:20:05Z","timestamp":1760160005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/4\/1525"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18041525"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18041525","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]}}}