{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T17:17:41Z","timestamp":1775755061578,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]],"date-time":"2021-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRC\/CG\/M002\/2017_IMH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC\/CG\/M002\/2017_IMH"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined the (a) health beliefs and emotions (perception of risk, benefits, severity, and worry) about smoking among current and former smokers, (b) their awareness of health warnings, (c) factors associated with smoking-related health beliefs, and (d) the factor structure of the health belief questionnaire. Participants (n = 184) were recruited from a tertiary psychiatric care hospital. Current smokers showed a significantly higher risk perception and lower perceived benefits compared to former smokers. Younger age (&lt;40 years), nicotine dependence (ND), a history of smoking-related diseases (SRD), and intention to quit were significantly associated with a higher risk perception in current smokers. Younger age, a history of SRDs, and motivation to quit were positively associated with health beliefs, while the latter two were associated with worry. Motivation and younger age were associated with a better perception of benefits and severity. Information on the cigarette packets was the major source of awareness for the sample, and 69% reported that existing campaigns were not effective in discouraging their smoking. Personalized risk communication and educational initiatives must focus on improving the knowledge of risk, benefits, and increase motivation to promote health cognition and thus smoking cessation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T20:51:51Z","timestamp":1612817511000},"page":"1571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Smoking-Related Health Beliefs in a Sample of Psychiatric Patients: Factors Associated with the Health Beliefs and Validation of the Health Belief Questionnaire"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8215-5214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. V.","family":"Asharani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore 539747, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jue Hua","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore 539747, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Ai Ling Seet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore 539747, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Devi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore 539747, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7054-1879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peizhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore 539747, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9100-0353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kumarasan","family":"Roystonn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore 539747, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying Ying","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore 539747, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7669-7607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laxman","family":"Cetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore 539747, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen Lin","family":"Teh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore 539747, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Swapna","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Early Psychosis Intervention Programme, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore 539747, Singapore"},{"name":"Office of Education, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yee Ming","family":"Mok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mood and Anxiety, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore 539747, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siow Ann","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore 539747, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4530-1096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mythily","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore 539747, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020, November 11). 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