{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:21:00Z","timestamp":1791890460514,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]],"date-time":"2021-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","award":["P30 ES013508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 ES013508"]}]},{"name":"US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","award":["P42 ES023720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P42 ES023720"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Asbestos-related diseases (ARDs)\u2014mesothelioma, lung cancer, and asbestosis\u2014are well known as occupational diseases. As industrial asbestos use is eliminated, ARDs within the general community from para-occupational, environmental, and natural exposures are more prominent. ARD clusters have been studied in communities including Broni, Italy; Libby, Montana; Wittenoom, Western Australia; Karain, Turkey; Ambler, Pennsylvania; and elsewhere. Community ARDs pose specific public health issues and challenges. Community exposure results in higher proportions of mesothelioma in women and a younger age distribution than occupational exposures. Exposure amount, age at exposure, fiber type, and genetic predisposition influence ARD expression; vulnerable groups include those with social and behavioral risk, exposure to extreme events, and genetic predispositions. To address community exposure, regulations should address all carcinogenic elongated mineral fibers. Banning asbestos mining, use, and importation will not reduce risks from asbestos already in place. Residents of high-risk communities are characteristically exposed through several pathways differing among communities. Administrative responsibility for controlling environmental exposures is more diffuse than for workplaces, complicated by diverse community attitudes to risk and prevention and legal complexity. The National Mesothelioma Registries help track the identification of communities at risk. High-risk communities need enhanced services for screening, diagnosis, treatment, and social and psychological support, including for retired asbestos workers. Legal settlements could help fund community programs. A focus on prevention, public health programs, particularization to specific community needs, and participation is recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T20:51:51Z","timestamp":1612817511000},"page":"1579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Asbestos in High-Risk Communities: Public Health Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3731-7197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward A.","family":"Emmett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A194","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409662","article-title":"Current research and opportunities to address environmental asbestos exposures","volume":"123","author":"Carlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr.2018.10.01","article-title":"Hotspots of malignant pleural mesothelioma in Western Europe","volume":"7","author":"Nuyts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans. Lung Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-018-0431-9","article-title":"Association between mesothelioma and non-occupational asbestos exposure: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2019.02.001","article-title":"Asbestos neglect: Why asbestos exposure deserves greater policy attention","volume":"123","author":"Douglas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jablonski, R.P., Kim, S.J., Cheresh, P., and Kamp, D.W. (2017). Insights into mineral fibre-induced lung epithelial cell toxicity and pulmonary fibrosis. EMU Notes in Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society. Chapter 14.","DOI":"10.1180\/EMU-notes.18.14"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.57.11.782","article-title":"Mortality from all cancers of asbestos factory workers in east London 1933\u201380","volume":"57","author":"Berry","year":"2000","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2007.032847","article-title":"Cancer risk after cessation of asbestos exposure: A cohort study of Italian asbestos cement workers","volume":"65","author":"Magnani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199907000-00011","article-title":"Synergy between Asbestos and Smoking on Lung: Cancer Risks","volume":"10","author":"Erren","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-3-34","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma","volume":"3","author":"Moore","year":"2008","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2013-204161","article-title":"Mesothelioma risk after 40 years since first exposure to asbestos: A pooled analysis","volume":"69","author":"Reid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1519","article-title":"Impact of asbestos on public health: A retrospective study on a series of subjects with occupational and non-occupational exposure to asbestos during the activity of Fibronit plant (Broni, Italy)","volume":"7","author":"Villani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Public Health Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6608a3","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma Mortality\u2014United States, 1999\u20132015","volume":"66","author":"Mazurek","year":"2017","journal-title":"US CDC Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization) (2021, January 06). Asbestos. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/27-04-2007-who-calls-for-prevention-of-cancer-through-healthy-workplaces."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"International Ban Asbestos Secretariat (2021, January 06). Chronology of National Asbestos Bans, Compiled by Laurie Kazan-Allen. Available online: http:\/\/www.ibasecretariat.org\/chron_ban_list.php."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12517","article-title":"Asbestos in Asia","volume":"20","author":"Leong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2017.03.74","article-title":"Environmental asbestos exposure and risk of mesothelioma","volume":"5","author":"Noonan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5629","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10115629","article-title":"Domestic asbestos exposure: A review of epidemiologic and exposure data","volume":"10","author":"Goswami","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2012.709821","article-title":"Evaluation of take home (para-occupational) exposure to asbestos and disease: A review of the literature","volume":"42","author":"Donovan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"U.S. NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety) (2020, November 29). 2011 Asbestos Fibers and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the Science and Roadmap for Research. Current Intelligence Bulletin 62, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/2011-159."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2014.25","article-title":"Multiple pathway asbestos exposure assessment for a Superfund community","volume":"25","author":"Noonan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Expo Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Testa, J. (2017). Communities at High Risk in the Third Wave of Mesothelioma. Asbestos and Mesothelioma. 103\u2013130. Current Cancer Research, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-53560-9_5"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.1983.tb00386.x","article-title":"Work and workers\u2019 response at Wittenoom 1943\u20131966","volume":"7","author":"Layman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Community Health Stud."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700210512","article-title":"Wittenoom, Western Australia: A modern industrial disaster","volume":"21","author":"Musk","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz204","article-title":"The Wittenoom legacy","volume":"49","author":"Musk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910540410","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma after environmental exposure to blue asbestos","volume":"54","author":"Hansen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.1.96-11086","article-title":"Environmental exposure to crocidolite and mesothelioma exposure-response relationships","volume":"157","author":"Hansen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.10.016","article-title":"Impact of an asbestos cement factory on mesothelioma incidence: Global assessment of effects of occupational, familial, and environmental exposure","volume":"74","author":"Mensi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Nesti, M., Adamoli, S., Ammirabile, F., Ascoli, V., Barbieri, P.G., and Cacciarini, V. (2005). Linee Guida per la Rilevazione e la Definizione dei Casi di Mesotelioma Maligno e la Trasmissione Delle Informazioni all\u2019ISPESL da Parte dei Centri Operativi Regionali, Seconda Edizione, ISPESL."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"U.S. EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2020, November 23). EPA Announces Public Health Emergency in Libby Montana, Available online: https:\/\/archive.epa.gov\/epapages\/newsroom_archive\/newsreleases\/0d16234d252c98f9852575d8005e63ac.html."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"U.S. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) (2002). Health Consultation Libby Asbestos Site, Libby, Lincoln County Montana."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.2138\/am-2003-11-1239","article-title":"The composition and morphology of amphiboles from the rainy creek complex, near Libby, Montana","volume":"88","author":"Meeker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2068","article-title":"A mesothelioma epidemic in Cappadocia: Scientific developments and unexpected social outcomes","volume":"7","author":"Carbone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2017.04.06","article-title":"The Cappadocia mesothelioma epidemic: Its influence in Turkey and abroad","volume":"5","author":"Emri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.33.2.181","article-title":"An outbreak of pleural mesothelioma and chronic fibrosing pleurisy in the village of Karain\/Urgup in Anatolia","volume":"33","author":"Baris","year":"1978","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"17","article-title":"Malignant mesotheliomas in a small village in the Anatolian region of Turkey: An epidemiologic study","volume":"63","author":"Arvinti","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.99.13352399","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma due to environmental exposure to erionite: Follow-up of a Turkish emigrant cohort","volume":"13","author":"Metintas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04013-7","article-title":"Genetic-susceptibility factor andmalignant mesothelioma in the Cappadocian region of Turkey","volume":"357","author":"Siegel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5063","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-4642","article-title":"Genetic predisposition to fiber carcinogenesis causes a mesothelioma epidemic in Turkey","volume":"66","author":"Dogan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wortzel, J.D., Wiebe, D., Elahi, S., Agawn, A., Barg, F.K., and Emmett, E.A. (2021). Ascertainment bias in a historic cohort study of residents in an asbestos manufacturing community. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, in press.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052211"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"PADOH (Pennsylvania Department of Health) (2011). Cancer Evaluation, Ambler Area, Montgomery County."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kr\u00f3wczy\u0144ska, M., Wilk, E., Pabjanek, P., and Ol\u0119dzka, G. (2018). Pleural mesothelioma in Poland: Spatial analysis of malignant mesothelioma prevalence in the period 1999\u20132013. Geospat Health, 13.","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2018.667"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2018.11.006","article-title":"Mineral fibres and environmental monitoring: A comparison of different analytical strategies in New Caledonia","volume":"11","author":"Petriglieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geosci. Front."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2113\/EEG-2282","article-title":"Overview of Naturally Occurring Asbestos in California and Southwestern Nevada","volume":"26","author":"Bailey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20820","article-title":"Predictions of mortality from pleural mesothelioma in Italy: A model based on asbestos consumption figures supports results from age-period-cohort models","volume":"115","author":"Marinaccio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2007.035782","article-title":"The mortality of women exposed environmentally and domestically to blue asbestos at Wittenoom, Western Australia","volume":"65","author":"Reid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22103","article-title":"All-cause mortality and cancer incidence among adults exposed to blue asbestos during childhood","volume":"56","author":"Reid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2018-105108","article-title":"Are children more vulnerable to mesothelioma than adults? A comparison of mesothelioma risk among children and adults exposed non-occupationally to blue asbestos at Wittenoom","volume":"75","author":"Reid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2015-103309","article-title":"Incidence and survival trends for malignant pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma, Australia, 1982\u20132009","volume":"73","author":"Soeberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20620","article-title":"Environmental exposure to Libby asbestos and mesotheliomas","volume":"51","author":"Whitehouse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e318250b5f5","article-title":"Mesothelioma associated with commercial use of vermiculite containing Libby amphibole","volume":"54","author":"Dunning","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2016.18","article-title":"Mortality from asbestos-associated disease in Libby, Montana 1979\u20132011","volume":"27","author":"Naik","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Expo Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22330","article-title":"Rapid progression of pleural disease due to exposure to Libby amphibole: \u201cNot your grandfather\u2019s asbestos related disease\u201d","volume":"57","author":"Black","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7431","article-title":"Assessment of autoimmune responses associated with asbestos exposure in Libby, Montana, USA","volume":"113","author":"Pfau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otsuki, T., Yoshioka, Y., and Holian, A. (2015). Asbestos exposure and autoimmunity. Biological Effects of Fibrous and Particulate Substances. Current Topics in Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-55732-6"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9203","article-title":"Nested case-control study of autoimmune disease in an asbestos-exposed population","volume":"114","author":"Noonan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2013.848249","article-title":"Asbestos-associated mesothelial cell autoantibodies promote collagen deposition in vitro","volume":"25","author":"Serve","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1071","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00462.2015","article-title":"Libby amphibole-induced mesothelial cell autoantibodies promote collagen deposition in mice","volume":"310","author":"Gilmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2011.10.024","article-title":"Mesothelial cell and anti-nuclear autoantibodies associated with pleural abnormalities in an asbestos exposed population of Libby MT","volume":"208","author":"Marchand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3109\/1547691X.2011.562257","article-title":"Alteration of fibroblast phenotype by asbestos-induced autoantibodies","volume":"8","author":"Pfau","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2013.26","article-title":"Childhood exposure to Libbyamphibole during outdoor activities","volume":"5","author":"Ryan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Expo Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.5694\/mja11.10125","article-title":"Increasing incidence of malignant mesothelioma after exposure to asbestos during home maintenance and renovation","volume":"195","author":"Olsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roggli, V.L., Oury, T.D., and Sporn, T.A. (2004). Occupational and environmental exposure to asbestos. Pathology of Asbestos Associated Diseases, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/b97620"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27758","article-title":"Familial aggregation of malignant mesothelioma in former workers and residents of Wittenoom, Western Australia","volume":"132","author":"Alfonso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"ILO (International Labour Organization) (2020, November 29). Resolution Concerning Asbestos. Available online: http:\/\/www.ilo.org\/safework\/info\/standards-and-instruments\/WCMS_108556\/lang--en\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2011.556045","article-title":"Applying Definitions of \u201cAsbestos\u201d to Environmental and \u201cLow-Dose\u201d Exposure Levels and Health Effects, Particularly Malignant Mesothelioma","volume":"14","author":"Case","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part B"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"U.S. OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) (1994). Occupational Exposure to Asbestos, Standard Number: 1910.1001; 1915.1001; 1926.58. Fed Reg 59:40964\u201341162."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Lowers, H.A., and Meeker, G.P. (2020, November 29). Tabulation of Asbestos-Related Terminology. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02\u2013458, Version 1.0. USGS, Available online: http:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/of\/2002\/ofr-02-458\/OFR-02-458-508."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.09.024","article-title":"Elongate mineral particles in the natural environment","volume":"361","author":"Gunter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.05.004","article-title":"Predicting EMP hazard: Lessons from studies with inhaled fibrous and non-fibrous nano- and micro-particles","volume":"361","author":"Graham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharamacology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(01)00507-0","article-title":"Lung diseases due to environmental exposures to erionite and asbestos in Turkey","volume":"27","author":"Emri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djj106","article-title":"Prospective study of mesothelioma mortality in Turkish villages with exposure to fibrous zeolite","volume":"98","author":"Baris","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"IARC (2012). Erionite. Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Some Ind. Chem., 100, 311\u2013316."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) (2017). Fluoro-Edenite. Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Some Ind. Chem, 111, 214\u2013242."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3200\/AEOH.58.4.229-232","article-title":"Pleural mesothelioma cases in Biancavilla are related to a new fluoro-edenite fibrous amphibole","volume":"58","author":"Comba","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"60","article-title":"Update of in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo fluoro-edenite effects on malignant mesothelioma: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Filetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep. Dec."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.2138\/am.2014.4567","article-title":"Erionite and offretite from the Kildeer Mountains, Dunn County, North Dakota USA","volume":"99","author":"Triplett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. Minerol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700110102","article-title":"The morbidity and mortality of vermiculite miners and millers exposed to tremolite-actinolite: Part I. Exposure estimates","volume":"11","author":"Amandus","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9481","article-title":"Vermiculite, respiratory disease, and asbestos exposure in Libby, Montana: Update of a cohort mortality study","volume":"115","author":"Sullivan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect Apr."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"U.S. EPA (2017). Record of Decision, Bo-Rit Asbestos Superfund Site. Borough of Ambler, Whitpain Township and Upper Dublin Township, Montgomery County Pennsylvania, USEPA Region 3, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.10.019","article-title":"Realities of environmental toxicity and their ramifications for community engagement","volume":"170","author":"Clapp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, R., and Kunreuther, H. (2017). The Ostrich Paradox: Why We Underprepare for Disasters, Wharton Digital Press.","DOI":"10.9783\/9781613630792"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"ASEA (Australian Asbestos Safety and Eradication Agency) (2016). Illegal Asbestos Dumping: Review of Issues and Initiatives, Final Discussion Paper."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.12.2.104","article-title":"Social marketing for public health","volume":"12","author":"Walsh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/1073110519857317","article-title":"Public health and the four Ps of marketing: Alcohol as a fundamental example","volume":"47","author":"Greisen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Law Med. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v6i0.19410","article-title":"Compensation for environmental asbestos-related diseases in South Africa: A neglected issue","volume":"6","author":"Ndlovu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Health Action"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102297","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma due to non-occupational asbestos exposure from the Italian national surveillance system (ReNaM): Epidemiology and public health issues","volume":"72","author":"Marinaccio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.5694\/mja11.10899","article-title":"Medicolegal aspects of the third wave of asbestos-related disease in Australia","volume":"195","author":"Gordon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1987.tb133348.x","article-title":"The Australian Mesothelioma Surveillance Program 1979\u20131985","volume":"147","author":"Ferguson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23069","article-title":"An overview of existing mesothelioma registries worldwide, and the need for a US Registry","volume":"63","author":"Alpert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"51","article-title":"The French mesothelioma network from 1998 to 2013","volume":"34","author":"Gilg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2005.023200","article-title":"The French National Mesothelioma Surveillance Program","volume":"63","author":"Goldberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.2003.9.3.206","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma in Australia, 1945\u20132002","volume":"9","author":"Leigh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Australian Mesothelioma Registry (2014). Third Annual Report-Mesothelioma in Australia 2013, SafeWork."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Khatab, K., Felten, M., Kandala, N.B., Ghilagaber, G., Gumber, A., and Kraus, T. (2014). Risk factors associated with asbestos-related diseases: Results of the asbestos surveillance programme Aachen. Eur. Med. J. Respir., 1\u20139."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taioli, E., Wolf, A.S., Camacho-Rivera, M., Kaufman, A., Lee, D.S., Nicastri, D., Rosenweig, K., and Flores, R.M. (2015). Determinants of survival in malignant pleural mesothelioma: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Study of 14,228 patients. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145039"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00153611","article-title":"Population-based survival for malignant mesothelioma after introduction of novel chemotherapy","volume":"40","author":"Damhuis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.4155\/bio.15.53","article-title":"A Bioanalytical techniques for detecting biomarkers of response to human asbestos exposure","volume":"7","author":"Mesaros","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2017.04.29","article-title":"Mesothelioma: Recent highlights","volume":"5","author":"Carbone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"286","article-title":"Cancer mortality and crocidolite","volume":"47","author":"Rogers","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brit. J. Ind. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/4\/1579\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:21:06Z","timestamp":1760160066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/4\/1579"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18041579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18041579","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]}}}