{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:32:31Z","timestamp":1767339151387,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The presence of a well-developed collateral circulation in the area of the artery responsible for the infarction improves the prognosis of patients and leads to a smaller area of infarction. One of the factors influencing the formation of collateral circulation is hypoxia, which induces angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, which in turn cause the formation of new vessels. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of endurance training conducted under normobaric hypoxia in patients after myocardial infarction at the level of exercise tolerance and hemodynamic parameters of the left ventricle. Thirty-five patients aged 43\u201374 (60.48 \u00b1 4.36) years who underwent angioplasty with stent implantation were examined. The program included 21 training units lasting about 90 min. A statistically significant improvement in exercise tolerance assessed with the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) was observed: test duration (p &lt; 0.001), distance covered (p &lt; 0.001), HRmax (p = 0.039), maximal systolic blood pressure (SBPmax) (p = 0.044), peak minute ventilation (VE) (p = 0.004) and breathing frequency (BF) (p = 0.044). Favorable changes in left ventricular hemodynamic parameters were found for left ventricular end-diastolic dimension LVEDD (p = 0.002), left ventricular end-systolic dimension LVESD (p = 0.015), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (p = 0.021), lateral e\u2019 (p &lt; 0.001), septal e\u2019 (p = 0.001), and E\/A (p = 0.047). Endurance training conducted in hypoxic conditions has a positive effect on exercise tolerance and the hemodynamic indicators of the left ventricle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T23:43:16Z","timestamp":1612914196000},"page":"1633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Use of Artificial Hypoxia in Endurance Training in Patients after Myocardial Infarction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Agata","family":"Nowak-Lis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Jerzy Kukuczka\u2019s Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6607-8706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Gabry\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Centrum Faculty of Pedagogy, University of West Bohemia, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8468-2410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Jerzy Kukuczka\u2019s Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Jastrz\u0119bski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Silesian Medical Center, Cardiology Ward, 43-400 Cieszyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Urszula","family":"Szmatlan-Gabry\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Rehabilitation University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Konarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Jerzy Kukuczka\u2019s Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominika","family":"Grzybowska-Ganszczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Jerzy Kukuczka\u2019s Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Pilis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science, Jan Dlugosz University, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"906","article-title":"Impact of Collateral Circulation on Survival in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with a Concomitant Chronic Total Occlusion","volume":"10","author":"Elias","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAC: Cardiovasc. 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