{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:03:50Z","timestamp":1787241830376,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Medical Institute","award":["Korea Medical Institute 2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Korea Medical Institute 2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many studies have been conducted regarding the association between night work and diabetes, but the association between impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and night work is still unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate this association using the Special Health Examination (SHEW) for Korean night workers. Laboratory, questionnaire, and physical examination data were collected for 80,077 manual workers between 2014 and 2016 from Korea Medical Institute, and associations of the data with IFG were evaluated using a multivariate logistic regression model. The odds ratios for IFG among those who worked night shifts for 2~5 years, 5~12 years, and 12 years or over (ref: &lt;2 years) after adjusting for abdominal obesity were 1.14 (0.90\u20131.45), 1.41 (1.10\u20131.81), and 1.75 (1.41\u20132.19), respectively. A dose\u2013response relationship was identified between the duration of night work and the prevalence of IFG (p for trend &lt;0.05). A dose relationship remained significant when a subgroup of non-obese participants was analyzed. We identified an association and a dose\u2013response relationship between the number of years of night work and IFG. To prevent the development of diabetes in night workers, we suggest that they should be pre-emptively screened and treated from the stage of IFG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T08:53:56Z","timestamp":1613292836000},"page":"1854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Dose-Response Relationship between Night Work and the Prevalence of Impaired Fasting Glucose: The Korean Worker\u2019s Special Health Examination for Night Workers Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jae Yong","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research for Occupational Health, Institute of Occupation and Environment, Incheon 21417, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Seon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suwon Center, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Korea Medical Institute, Suwon 16571, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8674-1034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-Pyo","family":"Myong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation (2019). IDF Diabetes Atlas, International Diabetes Federation. [9th ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/www.diabetesatlas.org."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators (2018). Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 392, 1923\u20131994."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.2.257","article-title":"Productivity losses associated with diabetes in the US","volume":"24","author":"Ng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6324-6","article-title":"The impact of diabetes on labour market participation: A systematic review of results and methods","volume":"19","author":"Pedron","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15019","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.19","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"1","author":"DeFronzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.867","article-title":"Shift work and the risk of diabetes mellitus among Japanese male factory workers","volume":"31","author":"Morikawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000214355.69182.fa","article-title":"Long-Term Longitudinal Study on the Relationship Between Alternating Shift Work and the Onset of Diabetes Mellitus in Male Japanese Workers","volume":"48","author":"Suwazono","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-019-01307-8","article-title":"Effect of night shift work on risk of diabetes in healthy nurses in Albania","volume":"56","author":"Zoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Ministry of Government Legislation (2020, November 23). Article 130 of Occupational Safety and Health Act, Available online: http:\/\/www.law.go.kr\/LSW\/\/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=219125&efYd=20200609&ancYnChk=0#0000."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Ministry of Government Legislation (2020, November 23). Attached Table 22 of Enforcemnt rule of Occupational Safety and Health Act, Available online: http:\/\/www.law.go.kr\/%EB%B2%95%EB%A0%B9\/%EC%82%B0%EC%97%85%EC%95%88%EC%A0%84%EB%B3%B4%EA%B1%B4%EB%B2%95%EC%8B%9C%ED%96%89%EA%B7%9C%EC%B9%99."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Ministry of Government Legislation (2020, November 23). Attached Table 24 of Enforcemnt rule of Occupational Safety and Health, Available online: http:\/\/www.law.go.kr\/%EB%B2%95%EB%A0%B9\/%EC%82%B0%EC%97%85%EC%95%88%EC%A0%84%EB%B3%B4%EA%B1%B4%EB%B2%95%EC%8B%9C%ED%96%89%EA%B7%9C%EC%B9%99."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Welfare (2020, November 23). The Physical Activity Guide for Koreans, Available online: http:\/\/www.mohw.go.kr\/react\/jb\/sjb030301vw.jsp?PAR_MENU_ID=03&MENU_ID=032901&CONT_SEQ=337139."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"280","article-title":"Management of drinking patients in primary care","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J. Fam. Pract."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, November 23). Regional Office for the Western Pacific. The Asia-Pacific perspective: Redefining obesity and its treatment [Internet]. Sydney: Health Communications Australia. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/206936."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.8.892","article-title":"Physical Activity, Body Mass Index, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Patients with Normal or Impaired Glucose Regulation","volume":"164","author":"Hu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.843","article-title":"Association Between Adiposity in Midlife and Older Age and Risk of Diabetes in Older Adults","volume":"303","author":"Biggs","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2016.03.005","article-title":"Circadian System and Glucose Metabolism: Implications for Physiology and Disease","volume":"27","author":"Qian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4453","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808180106","article-title":"Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment","volume":"106","author":"Scheer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730411416341","article-title":"Disruption of Circadian Rhythms Accelerates Development of Diabetes through Pancreatic Beta-Cell Loss and Dysfunction","volume":"26","author":"Gale","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-014-0474-4","article-title":"Does disruption of circadian rhythms contribute to beta-cell failure in type 2 diabetes?","volume":"14","author":"Rakshit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj096","article-title":"A Prospective Study of Night Shift Work, Sleep Duration, and Risk of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"163","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2900","article-title":"Shift work, sleep, and sleepiness\u2014Differences between shift schedules and systems","volume":"36","author":"Sallinen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2012.07.2583","article-title":"Sleep Deprivation in Resident Physicians, Work Hour Limitations, and Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"124","author":"Mansukhani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00660.2005","article-title":"Sleep loss: A novel risk factor for insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes","volume":"99","author":"Spiegel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.2.380","article-title":"A Prospective Study of Self-Reported Sleep Duration and Incident Diabetes in Women","volume":"26","author":"Ayas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2014.957308","article-title":"Shift work and diabetes\u2014A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Knutsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, A., Schernhammer, E.S., Sun, Q., and Hu, F.B. (2011). Rotating Night Shift Work and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Two Prospective Cohort Studies in Women. PLoS Med., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001141"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422410000016","article-title":"Obesity and shift work: Chronobiological aspects","volume":"23","author":"Antunes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3143","article-title":"The effects of shift work on body weight change\u2014A systematic review of longitudinal studies","volume":"37","author":"Boot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-141-11-200412070-00008","article-title":"Brief Communication: Sleep Curtailment in Healthy Young Men Is Associated with Decreased Leptin Levels, Elevated Ghrelin Levels, and Increased Hunger and Appetite","volume":"141","author":"Spiegel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S34838","article-title":"Association between sleep disorders, obesity, and exercise: A review","volume":"5","author":"Hargens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2008.02566.x","article-title":"Psychosocial factors are independent risk factors for the development of Type 2 diabetes in Japanese workers with impaired fasting glucose and\/or impaired glucose tolerance1","volume":"25","author":"Toshihiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"103","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus: Screening and Diagnosis","volume":"93","author":"Pippitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-0638","article-title":"Estrogen Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Suppresses Gluconeogenesis via the Transcription Factor Foxo1","volume":"68","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kql157","article-title":"Inequality in the health status of workers in small-scale enterprises","volume":"57","author":"Hoshuyama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2015-103342","article-title":"Night shift work and incidence of diabetes in the Danish Nurse Cohort","volume":"73","author":"Hansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3497","article-title":"The ageing shift worker: A prospective cohort study on need for recovery, disability, and retirement intentions","volume":"41","author":"Gommans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-019-00561-y","article-title":"A meta-analysis of cohort studies including dose-response relationship between shift work and the risk of diabetes mellitus","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102150","article-title":"Shift work and diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"72","author":"Gan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/4\/1854\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:24:04Z","timestamp":1760160244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/4\/1854"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18041854"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18041854","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]]}}}