{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T06:50:13Z","timestamp":1778827813636,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common behavioral disorders in childhood and adolescence associated with relevant psychosocial impairments. The basic pathophysiology of ADHD may be related, at least partly, to a deficit in autonomic arousal processes, which not only influence core symptoms of the disorder, but may also lead to blood pressure (BP) deviations due to altered arousal regulation. Objectives: This study examined long-term changes in BP in children and adolescents with ADHD up to young adulthood. Methods: In children and adolescents aged between 7 and 17 years at baseline, we compared BP recordings in subjects with (n = 1219, 11.1%) and without (n = 9741, 88.9%) ADHD over a 10-year follow-up using data from the nationwide German Health Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). Propensity score matching was used to improve the comparability between children in the ADHD and control groups with now n = 1.190 in each group. Results: The results of these matched samples revealed that study participants with ADHD showed significantly lower systolic BP (107.6 \u00b1 10.7 mmHg vs. 109.5 \u00b1 10.9 mmHg, p &lt; 0.001, Cohen\u2019s d = 0.17) and diastolic BP (64.6 \u00b1 7.5 mmHg vs. 65.8 \u00b1 7.4 mmHg, p &lt; 0.001, Cohen\u2019s d = 0.16) at baseline. In a sensitivity analysis with a smaller (n = 272) and more stringently diagnosed ADHD group, the significant differences remained stable with somewhat higher Cohen\u2019s d; i.e., 0.25 and 0.27, respectively. However, these differences did not persist after 10-year follow-up in a smaller matched longitudinal sub-group (ADHD n = 273; control n = 323), as subjects with and without ADHD had similar levels of systolic (123.4 \u00b1 10.65 vs. 123.78 \u00b1 11.1 mmHg, p = 0.675, Cohen\u2019s d = 0.15) and diastolic BP (71.86 \u00b1 6.84 vs. 71.85 \u00b1 7.06 mmHg, p = 0.992, Cohen\u2019s d = 0.16). Conclusions: At baseline, children and adolescents with ADHD had significantly lower BP (of small effect sizes) compared to the non-ADHD group, whereas this difference was no longer detectable at follow-up ten years later. These developmental alterations in BP from adolescence to early adulthood may reflect changes in the state of autonomic arousal, probably modulating the pathophysiology of ADHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T08:53:56Z","timestamp":1613292836000},"page":"1864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Association between Low Blood Pressure and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Observed in Children\/Adolescents Does Not Persist into Young Adulthood. A Population-Based Ten-Year Follow-Up Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jan","family":"Schulz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Schlack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Unit Mental Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"H\u00f6lling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Unit Mental Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Ravens-Sieberer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3509-1400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site G\u00f6ttingen, 10115 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luise","family":"Poustka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aribert","family":"Rothenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Biyao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.034389","article-title":"Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"190","author":"Fayyad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brit. 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