{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T17:49:22Z","timestamp":1785865762173,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015539","name":"Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["New Colombo Plan Scheme"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["New Colombo Plan Scheme"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015539","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of biomass fuel for cooking on adverse fetal growth outcomes in Sri Lanka. A cross-sectional study of mothers recruited at maternity clinics in rural communities in Sri Lanka\u2019s Central Province was undertaken. Data pertaining to household air pollution and fetal growth parameters were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Logistic regression models, adjusted for potential confounders, were used to evaluate the impact of biomass fuel for cooking on low birth weight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA) parameters. Findings showed that exposure to biomass cooking fuels during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of LBW adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.74 (95% CI 1.08\u20136.96) and SGA (aOR: 1.87, 95% CI 1.03\u20133.41) compared with the use of clean energy. The risk of LBW was highest for traditional biomass stoves compared to improved biomass stoves (aOR: 3.23, 95% 1.17\u20138.89) and biomass use in kitchens without a chimney compared to kitchens with a chimney (aOR: 4.63, 95% 1.54\u201313.93). Similar trends were observed for SGA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T05:52:49Z","timestamp":1613368369000},"page":"1878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Household Air Pollution from Biomass Fuel for Cooking and Adverse Fetal Growth Outcomes in Rural Sri Lanka"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Alicia","family":"Vakalopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6063-1937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shyamali C.","family":"Dharmage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samath","family":"Dharmaratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka"},{"name":"Department of Health Metrics Sciences, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2057-3255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasan","family":"Jayasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services, Central Province, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Lall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Ambrose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohan","family":"Weerasooriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4388-784X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinh S.","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duminda","family":"Yasaratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Heyworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9577-9752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gayan","family":"Bowatte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia"},{"name":"National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka"},{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32345-0","article-title":"The Lancet Commission on pollution and health","volume":"391","author":"Landrigan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.21023","article-title":"Biomass Fuel Use for Cooking in Sri Lanka: Analysis of Data from National Demographic Health Surveys","volume":"55","author":"Nandasena","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. 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