{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:48:12Z","timestamp":1792442892771,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of peloids as heat-providing therapeutic systems dates back to antiquity. Such systems consist of a liquid phase and an organic or inorganic solid phase. The latter facilitates the handling, preparation and stability of the solid\u2013liquid system, modifying its organoleptic and phy-sicochemical properties, and improves its efficacy and tolerance. Peloids enable the application of heat to very specific zones and the release of heat at a given rate. The aims of this work are to study 16 reference peloids used in medical spa centers as thermo-therapeutic agents as well as to propose nine raw materials as a solid phase for the preparation of peloids. The physical properties studied are the centesimal composition, the instrumental texture and the thermal parameters. In conclusion, the peloids of the medical spas studied are used as thermotherapeutic agents in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, especially in knee osteoarthritis and to a lesser extent in back pain and psoriatic arthropathy. The clinical experience in these centers shows that the main effects of the application of their peloids are the reduction of pain, an increase in the joint\u2019s functional capacity and an improvement in the quality of life. As thermotherapeutic agents, all the peloids of the me-dical spas studied and the pastes (raw materials with distilled water) examined showed a heat flow rate of up to four times lower than that shown by the same amount of water. The raw materials studied can be used as solid phases for the preparation of peloids with mineral waters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T20:56:21Z","timestamp":1613681781000},"page":"1965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Peloids as Thermotherapeutic Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3818-6624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Maraver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Hydrology Group, Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation &amp; Physiotherapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Professional School of Medical Hydrology, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4209-1225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Armijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Hydrology Group, Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation &amp; Physiotherapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Professional School of Medical Hydrology, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4827-5180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel Angel","family":"Fernandez-Toran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Balneario de Cofrentes, Calle Balneario s\/n, 46625 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onica","family":"Armijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"La Paz University Hospital, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Manuel","family":"Ejeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Hydrology Group, Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation &amp; Physiotherapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iciar","family":"Vazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Hydrology Group, Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation &amp; Physiotherapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Calle de la Calera 1, 28760 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iluminada","family":"Corvillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professional School of Medical Hydrology, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Torres-Piles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Immunophysiology, Department of Medical-Surgical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Extremadura, Avda. 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