{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T05:43:18Z","timestamp":1780465398909,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Physical activity (PA) may have positive effects on mental health in children and adolescents. This post hoc study aimed to further investigate the relationship between different frequency levels of PA and general mental health as well as specific hyperactivity\/inattention symptoms in children and adolescents. Methods: The analyses were based on data drawn from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) study, a regularly conducted large-scale, epidemiological investigation of somatic and mental health of children and adolescents in Germany. Parents were asked about their children\u2019s attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) records and answered questionnaires concerning any mental health problem behavior of the children and adolescents using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The overall problem score as well as the hyperactivity\/inattention symptoms subscale (SDQ-H\/I) were entered as outcomes in a regression model controlling for parental socio-economic status and participants\u2019 sex, age, and body mass index (BMI). Cross-sectional analyses were conducted at three time points of the KiGGS study (baseline, wave 1, and wave 2) using general linear models (GLM). This was performed for different age groups (4\u20135, 6\u20139, 10\u201317 years). Results: Significant negative relationships were found between PA and general mental health problems. For the relationship between PA and SDQ-H\/I, different patterns emerged at the three time points. There was no interaction between PA frequency levels and diagnosis of ADHD (ADHD vs. non-ADHD controls) regarding the SDQ total score. Conclusion: This study underlines the importance of a high frequency level of PA for a good mental health status among children and adolescents, irrespective of the diagnosis of ADHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T02:07:01Z","timestamp":1614132421000},"page":"2207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Physical Activity Improves Mental Health in Children and Adolescents Irrespective of the Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)\u2014A Multi-Wave Analysis Using Data from the KiGGS Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Parisa","family":"Ganjeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3509-1400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37073 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site G\u00f6ttingen, 37073 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"York","family":"Hagmayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Science and Decision Psychology, Georg Elias M\u00fcller Institute of Psychology, University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37073 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronny","family":"Kuhnert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Ravens-Sieberer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"von Steinbuechel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37073 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2367-9197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aribert","family":"Rothenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2018). 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