{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:43:21Z","timestamp":1789094601061,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plant tissue culture has led to breakthroughs in understanding and applying the fundamental knowledge towards harnessing more from plants. Microbial contamination is one of the serious problems limiting the successful extrapolation of plant tissue culture practices. Sources of in vitro contamination include culture containers, media, explants, equipment, the environment of the culture room and transfer area, and operating personnel. The successful initiation of in vitro culture mostly depends on surface sterilization of explants because this is the primary source. Usually, surface sterilization is done using chemicals, or toxic nanomaterials, this is the first time such an approach has been demonstrated. Numerous surface microflora attached to plant surfaces grow faster than the cultured explants and release phytotoxic substances into the culture media, hindering positive outcomes. In the current work, for the first time, the applicability of turmeric and benzoin resin-based fumigation of explants is demonstrated. The results showed that fumigation methods for surface sterilization were promising and could lead to fifty and even 100% contamination-free plant tissue culture. Nanoparticulate carbon was identified in the turmeric and benzoin smoke and coined the key player in the surface sterilization effect. These studies open a whole new avenue for the use of fumigation-based methods for riddance of microbial contamination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T21:16:53Z","timestamp":1614287813000},"page":"2282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A Fumigation-Based Surface Sterilization Approach for Plant Tissue Culture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7447-6392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iyyakkannu","family":"Sivanesan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, 1, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manikandan","family":"Muthu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neo Natural Farming, Chunnampet, Tamil Nadu 603 401, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0090-5160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judy","family":"Gopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neo Natural Farming, Chunnampet, Tamil Nadu 603 401, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shadma","family":"Tasneem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doo-Hwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, 1, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2439-0499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Wook","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"History of plant tissue culture","volume":"318","author":"Thorpe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Methods Mol. 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