{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T03:24:29Z","timestamp":1783653869553,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The set of measures to contain the diffusion of COVID-19 instituted by the European governments gave an unparalleled opportunity to improve our understanding of the transport and industrial sectors\u2019 contribution to urban air pollution. The purpose of this study was to assess the impacts of the lockdown measures on air quality and pollutant emissions in Valencia, Spain. For this reason, we determined if there was a significant difference in the concentration levels of different particulate matter (PM) sizes, PM10, PM2.5, and NOx, NO2, NO, and O3, between the period of restrictions in 2020 and the same period in 2019. Our findings indicated that PM pollutant levels during the lockdown period were significantly different from the same period of the previous year, even if there is variability in the different local areas. The highest variations reduction in the PM10 and PM2.5 levels were observed for the Val\u00e8ncia Centre, Val\u00e8ncia Avd Francia, and Val\u00e8ncia Pista de Silla (all of the urban traffic type) in which there was a reduction of 58%\u201342%, 56%\u201353%, and 60%\u201341% respectively. Moreover, consistent with recent studies, we observed a significant reduction in nitric oxide levels in all the air monitoring stations. In all seven monitoring stations, it was observed, in 2020, NOx, NO2, and NO concentrations decreased by 48.5%\u201349.8%\u201346.2%, 62.1%\u201367.4%\u201345.7%, 37.4%\u201335.7%\u201335.3%, 60.7%\u201367.7%\u201347.1%, 65.5%\u201365.8%\u201363.5%, 60.0%\u201364.5%\u201341.3%, and 60.4%\u201361.6%\u201352.5%, respectively. Lastly, overall O3 levels decreased during the lockdown period, although this phenomenon was more closely related to weather conditions. Overall, no significant differences were observed between the meteorological conditions in 2019 and 2020. Our findings suggest that further studies on the effect of human activities on air quality are needed and encourage the adoption of a holistic approach to improve urban air quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T04:36:24Z","timestamp":1614314184000},"page":"2296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Relations between Air Quality and Covid-19 Lockdown Measures in Valencia, Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3365-3732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Donzelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology, and Legal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avenida Vicente Andres Estell\u00e9s s\/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 48, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2698-2714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Cioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariagrazia","family":"Cancellieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hygiene and Public Health Unit, Department of Public Health, AUSL Imola, Viale Giovanni Amendola 2, 40026 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agustin","family":"Llopis-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology, and Legal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avenida Vicente Andres Estell\u00e9s s\/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0785-1492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Morales-Su\u00e1rez-Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology, and Legal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avenida Vicente Andres Estell\u00e9s s\/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Consortium in Epidemiology and Public Health Network (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabell\u00f3n 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, August 29). European Environment Agency Air Quality in Europe\u20142019 Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/air-quality-in-europe-2019."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2020.1752070","article-title":"Evaluation of Air Quality and Mobility Policies in 14 Large Italian Cities from 2006 to 2016","volume":"55","author":"Tomassetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health A Tox Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, E., and Sevillano, E. (2021, January 06). 15 Million Spaniards Are Breathing Air the EU Considers Polluted. 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