{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T03:36:09Z","timestamp":1784000169136,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Procter &amp; Gamble Service GmbH","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has drawn attention to microbial transmission risk via aerosols in dental practice. Demonstration electric toothbrushes are used intra-orally for education. The aim of this investigation was to measure the size of droplets emitted by the brush head of two demonstration oscillating-rotating electric toothbrushes. Measurement of droplet production and size was recorded in vitro using three methods: (1) Malvern Spraytec (LASER particle size measurement device with detectable particle size of 0.1\u20132500 \u00b5m) and brushes mounted on a 3D-printed, two-shell form-fit fixture with a supply of tap water; (2) a DustTrak aerosol measurement device and toothpaste slurry, with brushing simulated in the oral cavity of a phantom head; (3) high-speed visualization in a simulated-use situation in the oral cavity of a phantom head, with individual evaluation of tap water, water with detergent, 70% ethanol, glycerin and toothpaste slurry. Both brushes showed the size of emitted droplets was consistently between 200 and 1200 \u00b5m, categorized as splatter (dental aerosols are &lt;50 \u00b5m diameter). No significant incremental aerosol-sized matter was detected during toothbrush operation. The high-speed video visualization confirmed only splatter-sized droplets during operation. These findings indicate that oscillating-rotating toothbrushes do not produce aerosol-sized particles during simulated use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T21:02:34Z","timestamp":1614373354000},"page":"2320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Droplet Sizes Emitted from Demonstration Electric Toothbrushes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Erwin P.","family":"Mark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Development, Procter &amp; Gamble Service GmbH, German Innovation Center, Frankfurter Stra\u00dfe 145, 61476 Kronberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A. O.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Graziani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Sub-Unit of Periodontology, Halitosis and Periodontal Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Atlas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Development, Procter &amp; Gamble Service GmbH, German Innovation Center, Frankfurter Stra\u00dfe 145, 61476 Kronberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joern","family":"Utsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Development, Procter &amp; Gamble Service GmbH, German Innovation Center, Frankfurter Stra\u00dfe 145, 61476 Kronberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12366","article-title":"Primary prevention of periodontitis: Managing gingivitis","volume":"42","author":"Chapple","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2014, August 15). Oral-B Test Drive Power Brush Trial Program Kit Regulation Number: 21 CFR 872.6865 Toothbrush, Powered Regulatory Class: I Product Code: JEQ, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf14\/K141018.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"3","article-title":"The effects of oscillating-rotating electric toothbrushes on plaque and gingival health: A meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Grender","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2019.1697826","article-title":"Comparison of the effectiveness between power toothbrushes and manual toothbrushes for oral health: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"78","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta. Odontol. 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Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/5\/2320\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:29:40Z","timestamp":1760160580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/5\/2320"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18052320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18052320","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]}}}