{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:03:47Z","timestamp":1791475427874,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-18964S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-18964S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Previous research has shown a strong relationship between childhood trauma and worsened physical and mental health. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) is a commonly used tool assessing early traumatic experiences. The aim of this study was to verify the psychometric properties of the Slovak version of the CTQ. Methods: Data were collected on a representative Slovak sample (N = 1018, mean age 46.24 years, 48.7% of men). The dimensional structure of the CTQ was tested by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA); convergent validity was assessed using the Adverse Childhood Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). Results: CFA confirmed the standard 5-factor CTQ model. The subscales of the CTQ and the ACE-IQ questionnaires showed moderate to high correlations. The internal consistency of the scale was found to be acceptable. Emotional neglect (EN) was reported in 48.1%, physical neglect (PN) in 35.8%, emotional abuse in 15.8%, physical abuse (PA) in 11.0%, and sexual abuse (SA) in 9.1% of the Slovak population, according to the scoring, when even low abuse or neglect is assessed as trauma. Conclusion: The CTQ questionnaire fulfilled the validation criteria and appeared to be a suitable method for assessing retrospectively reported childhood trauma experiences in the Slovak population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T10:36:37Z","timestamp":1614681397000},"page":"2440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Validation and Adaptation of the Slovak Version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8272-0607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Petrikova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University Olomouc, Univerzitn\u00ed 22, 77111 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2021-2847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Kascakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University Olomouc, Univerzitn\u00ed 22, 77111 Olomouc, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Psychiatric-Psychotherapeutic Outpatient Clinic, Heydukova 27, 81108 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4057-2540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Furstova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University Olomouc, Univerzitn\u00ed 22, 77111 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jozef","family":"Hasto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University Olomouc, Univerzitn\u00ed 22, 77111 Olomouc, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Social Work, St. Elizabeth College of Health and Social Work, Palackeho 1, 81102 Bratislava, Slovakia"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Tavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University Olomouc, Univerzitn\u00ed 22, 77111 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norman, R.E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., and Vos, T. 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