{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T13:15:22Z","timestamp":1782738922044,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The joint position sense (JPS) has been used as an indirect marker of proprioception in subjects with non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP), showing impairment in previous studies. It seems necessary to devise reliable tests to measure proprioceptive deficits in subjects with NSLBP. The objective of this study was to analyse the test\u2013retest reliability and smallest real difference (SRD) of lumbar proprioception through the JPS indicator in a sample of patients with NSCLBP. Methods: Fifty participants with NSCLBP performed three repetitions of 30\u00b0 lumbar flexion while standing and sitting using the iPhone\u00ae inclinometer application to measure the lumbar joint repositioning error. For the reliability analysis, we performed an intra-session test\u2013retest. Results: The total sample ICC values were excellent for standing (0.96) and sitting (0.93) 30\u00b0 lumbar flexion. In addition, our results showed that, for the total sample, an SRD &lt; 12% can be considered as a true change in proprioception concerning this procedure. On the other hand, men have better reliability than women in both standing and sitting positions. Additionally, the sitting position has better reliability than the standing position. The standard error of measurement (SEM) percentage was 4.2 for standing and 3.8 for sitting. The SRD percentage was 11.6 for standing and 10.4 for sitting. Conclusions: The iPhone\u00ae inclinometer seems reliable for assessing proprioceptive ability through the lumbar joint repositioning error in subjects with NSCLBP in both standing (ICC = 0.96) and sitting (ICC = 0.93) positions. This technological device showed a lower measurement error for sitting position (SRD &lt; 12%).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T20:33:57Z","timestamp":1614803637000},"page":"2489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Test\u2013Retest Reliability of an iPhone\u00ae Inclinometer Application to Assess the Lumbar Joint Repositioning Error in Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5341-9791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Ca\u00f1a-Pino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical-Therapy, Medicine Faculty, Extremadura University, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2685-7593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Espejo-Ant\u00fanez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical-Therapy, Medicine Faculty, Extremadura University, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7203-3168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carmelo","family":"Adsuar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Promoting a Healthy Society Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8347-7589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Dolores","family":"Apolo-Arenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical-Therapy, Medicine Faculty, Extremadura University, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18544","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000018544","article-title":"Non-specific chronic low back pain and physical activity: A comparison of postural control and hip muscle isometric strength","volume":"99","author":"Alsufiany","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2004.05.250","article-title":"Discographic, MRI and psychosocial determinants of low back pain disability and remission: A prospective study in subjects with benign persistent back pain","volume":"5","author":"Carragee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"E1","article-title":"How Does Self-Efficacy Influence Pain Perception, Postural Stability and Range of Motion in Individuals with Chronic Low Back Pain?","volume":"22","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2009.08.242","article-title":"Postural sway parameters in seated balancing; their reliability and relationship with balancing performance","volume":"31","author":"Koppes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200004150-00015","article-title":"The role of paraspinal muscle spindles in lumbosacral position sense in individuals with and without low back pain","volume":"25","author":"Brumagne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-004-0833-y","article-title":"Repositioning accuracy and movement parameters in low back pain subjects and healthy control subjects","volume":"14","author":"Descarreaux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. 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