{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:51:41Z","timestamp":1790729501790,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009874","name":"Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["948\/SPS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["948\/SPS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009874","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IZSVE RC 05\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IZSVE RC 05\/17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospirosis is a worldwide-spread zoonosis causing disease and death in dogs and in humans. A Leptospiral infection has been recorded in several wild carnivore species in Europe, but tissue pathological changes were not commonly described. The Grey wolf (Canis lupus) has been expanding its distribution range in north-eastern Italy during the last decade. A young wolf, representing the first individual handled in the region, was found road-killed and then submitted to necropsy. Pathological changes included erosive lesions of gingival mucosa, mild liver enlargement, and multifocal degenerative-necrotic areas along with hyperemic reactive lesions; multifocal interstitial nephritis and multifocal lung hemorrhages were observed. A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) able to detect pathogenic species of Leptospira performed on a kidney sample was positive. Serological reactions for serogroup Gryppotyphosa (1:6400), Pomona (1:800), and Icterohaemorrhagiae (1:200) were evidenced by MAT. Genotyping by Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) performed on detected Leptospira characterized it as belonging to Sequence Type (ST) 117, which refers to L. kirschneri, serogroup Pomona, serovar Mozdok. Regardless of the role of Leptospira infection as an eventual predisposing factor to the road killing of this wolf, to the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge, this is the first report of Leptospira-induced pathology in a wolf in Europe. Surveys on Leptospira infection in free-ranging wildlife species should be pursued in order to achieve further epidemiological knowledge on the circulation of the Leptospira strain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T20:33:57Z","timestamp":1614803637000},"page":"2512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Environmental Exposure of Wild Carnivores to Zoonotic Pathogens: Leptospira Infection in the First Free Living Wolf (Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758) Found Dead in the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Bregoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Pesaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali Sezione di Patologia Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Udine, Via Sondrio, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Ustulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Vio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Beraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali Sezione di Patologia Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Udine, Via Sondrio, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Galeotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali Sezione di Patologia Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Udine, Via Sondrio, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monia","family":"Cocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4255-9024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Lucchese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1082-982X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Bertasio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Centre for Animal Leptospirosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d, 25121 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6252-9848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Beatrice","family":"Boniotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Centre for Animal Leptospirosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d, 25121 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Lapini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Section of the Friulian Natural History Museum, Via C. Gradenigo Sabbadini, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2104-4531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alda","family":"Natale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gavier-Widen, D., Duff, J.P., and Meredith, A. (2012). Leptospira infections. Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals and Birds in Europe, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118342442"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Alston, J.M., and Broom, J.C. (1958). Leptospirosis in Man and Mammals, F & S Livingstone LTD."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Austoni, M. (1953). 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