{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T10:17:00Z","timestamp":1770459420943,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25GM082406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25GM082406"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MD007579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MD007579"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The HIV-1 integrase viral protein is responsible for incorporating the viral DNA into the genomic DNA. The inhibition of viral integration into host cell DNA is part of recent therapeutic procedures. Combination therapy with protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors has demonstrated good synergistic results in reducing viral replication. The purpose of this study is to assess the occurrence of integrase drug resistance mutations from the period comprising 2013 through 2018 in Puerto Rico (PR). We analyzed 131 nucleotide sequences available in our HIV genotyping database, and we performed drug resistance mutation analyses using the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database. Twenty-one sequences (16.03%) harbored major or resistance-associated mutations. We identified the Q148HKR, G140S, Y143R, N155H, S147G, and E138EA major drug resistance mutations and the D232DN, T97TA, E157Q, G163GART accessory mutations. We detected high-level drug resistance to Elvitegravir and Raltegravir (76.19% and 85.71%). Moreover, we identified sequences harboring drug resistance mutations that could provide resistance to Dolutegravir. The transmission of strains with integrase antiretroviral resistance has been previously documented in treatment na\u00efve patients. Given the increase of patients treated with integrase inhibitors, surveillance of drug resistance mutations is an essential aspect of PR\u2019s clinical management of HIV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T12:12:18Z","timestamp":1615205538000},"page":"2719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Short Communication: Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors Drug Resistance Mutations in Puerto Rico HIV-Positive Individuals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Pablo","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences Department and RCMI Center for Research Resources, Ponce Health Sciences University\/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grissell","family":"Tirado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences Department and RCMI Center for Research Resources, Ponce Health Sciences University\/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences Department and RCMI Center for Research Resources, Ponce Health Sciences University\/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences Department and RCMI Center for Research Resources, Ponce Health Sciences University\/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6708-6003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elliott R.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences Department and RCMI Center for Research Resources, Ponce Health Sciences University\/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4810-0871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Rivera-Amill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences Department and RCMI Center for Research Resources, Ponce Health Sciences University\/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR 00716-2348, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, December 16). 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