{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:45:24Z","timestamp":1787028324518,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]],"date-time":"2021-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003664","name":"Korea Forest Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018124A00-1920-AB01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018124A00-1920-AB01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We developed two distinct forest therapy programs (FTPs) and compared their effects on dementia prevention and related health problems for older adults. One was focused on Qigong practice in the forest (QP) and the other involved active walking in the forest (WP). Both FTPs consisted of twelve 2-h sessions over six weeks and were conducted in an urban forest. We obtained data from 25, 18, and 26 participants aged 65 years or above for the QP, WP, and control groups, respectively. Neuropsychological scores via cognition (MoCA), geriatric depression (GDS) and quality of life (EQ-5D), and electrophysiological variables (electroencephalography, bioimpedance, and heart rate variability) were measured. We analyzed the intervention effects with a generalized linear model. Compared to the control group, the WP group showed benefits in terms of neurocognition (increases in the MoCA score, and alpha and beta band power values in the electroencephalogram), sympathetic nervous activity, and bioimpedance in the lower body. On the other hand, the QP group showed alleviated depression and an increased bioimpedance phase angle in the upper body. In conclusion, both active walking and Qigong in the forest were shown to have distinctive neuropsychological and electrophysiological benefits, and both had beneficial effects in terms of preventing dementia and relieving related health problems for elderly individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18063004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]],"date-time":"2021-03-15T11:38:58Z","timestamp":1615808338000},"page":"3004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Psycho-Electrophysiological Benefits of Forest Therapies Focused on Qigong and Walking with Elderly Individuals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jiyune","family":"Yi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Therapy, Chungbuk National University, Cheonngju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2717-8418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seul Gee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taegyu","family":"Khil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Therapy, Chungbuk National University, Cheonngju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minja","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Therapy, Chungbuk National University, Cheonngju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5010-6872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Hee","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Therapy, Chungbuk National University, Cheonngju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sookja","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Therapy, Chungbuk National University, Cheonngju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gue Hong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Therapy, Chungbuk National University, Cheonngju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ah Young","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Therapy, Chungbuk National University, Cheonngju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngsuwn","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Therapy, Chungbuk National University, Cheonngju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kahye","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Therapy, Chungbuk National University, Cheonngju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byunghoon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Therapy, Chungbuk National University, Cheonngju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jueun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Therapy, Chungbuk National University, Cheonngju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Hwan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boncho","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5287-7942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jungmi","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Anti-Aging Standards Research Institute, Uiryeong, Gyungnam 52151, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wonseok","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Anti-Aging Standards Research Institute, Uiryeong, Gyungnam 52151, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hwa-Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acupuncture &amp; Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changseob","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Therapy, Chungbuk National University, Cheonngju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5665-1502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wonsop","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Therapy, Chungbuk National University, Cheonngju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0408-5569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaeuk U.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2019). World Population Ageing 2019, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2011.03.003","article-title":"Aging with multimorbidity: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Marengoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson, K., Sangster, M., Gallis, C., Hartig, T., de Vries, S., Seeland, K., and Schipperijn, J. (2011). Forests, Trees and Human Health, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9806-1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, I., Choi, H., Bang, K.S., Kim, S., Song, M., and Lee, B. (2017). Effects of Forest Therapy on Depressive Symptoms among Adults: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201703.0077.v1"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J.W., Choi, H., Jeon, Y.H., Yoon, C.H., Woo, J.M., and Kim, W. (2016). The Effects of Forest Therapy on Coping with Chronic Widespread Pain: Physiological and Psychological Differences between Participants in a Forest Therapy Program and a Control Group. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13030255"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2016.1170015","article-title":"The effects of forest therapy on depression and anxiety in patients with chronic stroke","volume":"127","author":"Chun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Kotte, D., Li, Q., Shin, W.S., and Michalsen, A. (2019). International Handbook of Forest Therapy, Cambridge Scholars Publishing."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2019.05.015","article-title":"Developing an effective forest therapy program to manage academic stress in conservative societies: A multi-disciplinary approach","volume":"43","author":"Rajoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Korea Legislation Research Institute (2021, January 18). Forestry Culture and Recreation Act. Available online: https:\/\/elaw.klri.re.kr\/eng_service\/lawView.do?hseq=37292&lang=ENG."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2020.126744","article-title":"The physiological and psychosocial effects of forest therapy: A systematic review","volume":"54","author":"Rajoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doimo, I., Masiero, M., and Gatto, P. (2020). Forest and Wellbeing: Bridging Medical and Forest Research for Effective Forest-Based Initiatives. Forests, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/f11080791"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2010.09.005","article-title":"Effect of forest bathing on physiological and psychological responses in young Japanese male subjects","volume":"125","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/03946320070200S202","article-title":"Forest bathing enhances human natural killer activity and expression of anti-cancer proteins","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834360","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/834360","article-title":"Influence of forest therapy on cardiovascular relaxation in young adults","volume":"2014","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med. Ecam"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s12199-009-0086-9","article-title":"The physiological effects of Shinrin-yoku (taking in the forest atmosphere or forest bathing): Evidence from field experiments in 24 forests across Japan","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, B.J., Shin, C.S., Shin, W.S., Chung, C.Y., Lee, S.H., Kim, D.J., Kim, Y.H., and Park, C.E. (2020). Effects of Forest Therapy on Health Promotion among Middle-Aged Women: Focusing on Physiological Indicators. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124348"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s12199-011-0215-0","article-title":"The influence of forest therapy camp on depression in alcoholics","volume":"17","author":"Shin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1080\/02827581.2011.585996","article-title":"The Influence of interaction with forest on cognitive function","volume":"26","author":"Shin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2015.02.004","article-title":"Effect of a forest therapy program and the forest environment on female workers\u2019 stress","volume":"14","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.G., Khil, T.G., Lim, Y., Park, K., Shin, M., and Shin, W.S. (2020). The Psychological Effects of a Campus Forest Therapy Program. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103409"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). Meeting on the Implementation of the Global Action Plan on the Public Health Response to Dementia, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31363-6","article-title":"The Lancet International Commission on Dementia Prevention and Care","volume":"390","author":"Livingston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Comm."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.5770\/cgj.18.166","article-title":"Is Cardiac Rehabilitation Exercise Feasible for People with Mild Cognitive Impairment?","volume":"18","author":"Intzandt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. Geriatr. J. Cgj"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, J., Ku, B., Kim, S.G., Khil, T., Lim, Y., Shin, M., Jeon, S., Kim, J., Kang, B., and Shin, J. (2019). Traditional Korean Medicine-Based Forest Therapy Programs Providing Electrophysiological Benefits for Elderly Individuals. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224325"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/10641963.2011.618195","article-title":"The effect of cognitive behavior therapy-based \u201cforest therapy\u201d program on blood pressure, salivary cortisol level, and quality of life in elderly hypertensive patients","volume":"34","author":"Sung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harper, N.J., and Dobud, W.W. (2020). Forest Therapy. Outdoor Therapies: An Introduction to Practices, Possibilities, and Critical Perspectives, Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429352027"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, G., Cao, Y., Wang, B., Wang, S., Chen, Z., Wang, J., Xing, W., Ren, X., Lv, X., and Dong, J. (2017). The Salutary Influence of Forest Bathing on Elderly Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14040368"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2013.10.006","article-title":"Cardiac and pulmonary benefits of forest walking versus city walking in elderly women: A randomised, controlled, open-label trial","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, C.P., Lin, C.M., Tsai, M.J., Tsai, Y.C., and Chen, C.Y. (2017). Effects of Short Forest Bathing Program on Autonomic Nervous System Activity and Mood States in Middle-Aged and Elderly Individuals. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14080897"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.11628\/ksppe.2018.21.6.557","article-title":"Psychological and Physical Effects of 10 Weeks Urban Forest Therapy Program on Dementia Prevention in Low-Income Elderly Living Alone","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. People Plants Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","article-title":"Contributors, NIA-AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Jack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Assoc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.11628\/ksppe.2018.21.6.565","article-title":"Qualitative Assessment of Experience on Urban Forest Therapy Program for Preventing Dementia of the Elderly Living Alone in Low-Income Class","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. People Plants Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1089\/act.2009.15401","article-title":"Evidence-Based Health Benefits of Qigong","volume":"15","author":"Horowitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Altern. Complementary Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X08005904","article-title":"Medical Qigong for Cancer Patients: Pilot Study of Impact on Quality of Life, Side Effects of Treatment and Inflammation","volume":"36","author":"Oh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0300-y","article-title":"An evidence map of the effect of Tai Chi on health outcomes","volume":"5","author":"Solloway","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4278\/ajhp.081013-LIT-248","article-title":"A comprehensive review of health benefits of qigong and tai chi","volume":"24","author":"Jahnke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Promot. Ajhp"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2013.11.010","article-title":"Health benefits of qigong or tai chi for cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"22","author":"Zeng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Complementary Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2017.11.002","article-title":"Turo (Qi Dance) Program for Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients: Randomized, Assessor Blind, Waiting-List Control, Partial Crossover Study","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Explore"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6272(18)30995-6","article-title":"Acupoint combinations used for treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A data mining analysis","volume":"38","author":"Chaochao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7570352","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7570352","article-title":"The SIESTA Trial: A Randomized Study Investigating the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Acupressure versus Sham Therapy for Improving Sleep Quality in Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease on Hemodialysis","volume":"2017","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3670-3","article-title":"Effects of different acupuncture treatment methods on mild cognitive impairment: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198205000-00012","article-title":"Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion","volume":"14","author":"Borg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"27","article-title":"A Normative Study of the Mini-Mental State Examination for Dementia Screening (MMSE-DS) and Its Short form(SMMSE-DS) in the Korean Elderly","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Korean Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.12779\/dnd.2018.17.1.11","article-title":"Re-standardization of the Korean-Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (K-IADL): Clinical Usefulness for Various Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"17","author":"Chin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dement. Neurocognitive Disord."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988708316855","article-title":"Brief screening for mild cognitive impairment in elderly outpatient clinic: Validation of the Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1300\/J018v01n01_06","article-title":"Screening Tests for Geriatric Depression","volume":"1","author":"Brink","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"103","article-title":"A Reliabilty and Validity Study of Geriatric Depression Scale","volume":"36","author":"Jung","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Korean Neuropsychiatr. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-017-0310-5","article-title":"EQ-5D and the EuroQol Group: Past, Present and Future","volume":"15","author":"Devlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Health Econ. Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/155005940904000211","article-title":"Evidence-Based Evaluation of Diagnostic Accuracy of Resting EEG in Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"40","author":"Jelic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. EEG Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2007.10.008","article-title":"Electroencephalography and event-related potentials as biomarkers of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Jackson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2004.06.004","article-title":"Bioelectrical impedance analysis\u2014Part I: Review of principles and methods","volume":"23","author":"Kyle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Task Force of The European Society of Cardiology and The North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology, Heart Rate Variability (1996). Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Eur. Heart J., 17, 354\u2013381."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.03.003","article-title":"Early diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: The role of biomarkers including advanced EEG signal analysis. Report from the IFCN-sponsored panel of experts","volume":"131","author":"Rossini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. Off. J. Int. Fed. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10301","article-title":"Reliability and variability of bioimpedance measures in normal adults: Effects of age, gender, and body mass","volume":"122","author":"Dittmar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18913-7","article-title":"Glucose-independent segmental phase angles from multi-frequency bioimpedance analysis to discriminate diabetes mellitus","volume":"8","author":"Jun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.126","article-title":"The value of bioelectrical impedance analysis and phase angle in the evaluation of malnutrition and quality of life in cancer patients\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"69","author":"Grundmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10468","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46789-2","article-title":"Resting-state prefrontal EEG biomarkers in correlation with MMSE scores in elderly individuals","volume":"9","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Development R Core Team (2011). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"67","article-title":"Mice: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations in R","volume":"45","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Dobson, A.J., and Barnett, A.G. (2018). An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.2307\/2528490","article-title":"New tables for multiple comparisons with a control","volume":"20","author":"Dunnett","year":"1964","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00287","article-title":"Contrasts and Correlations in Effect-Size Estimation","volume":"11","author":"Rosnow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12745","article-title":"Effect of resistance training on phase angle in older women: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Souza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.08.001","article-title":"Low phase angle determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis is associated with malnutrition and nutritional risk at hospital admission","volume":"32","author":"Kyle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.12.020","article-title":"Bioelectrical impedance phase angle relates to function, disease severity and prognosis in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"34","author":"Maddocks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0167-1","article-title":"Bioelectrical impedance analysis-derived phase angle at admission as a predictor of 90-day mortality in intensive care patients","volume":"72","author":"Stapel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00345-6","article-title":"Individual analysis of EEG frequency and band power in mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"115","author":"Moretti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(03)00118-1","article-title":"Memory-related EEG power and coherence reductions in mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"49","author":"Hogan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1582","article-title":"Effect of a qigong exercise programme on elderly with depression","volume":"21","author":"Tsang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/00004650-200409000-00004","article-title":"The effects of meridian exercise on anxiety, depression, and self-esteem of female college students in Korea","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Holist. Nurs. Pract."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, C., Ikei, H., and Miyazaki, Y. (2016). Physiological Effects of Nature Therapy: A Review of the Research in Japan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13080781"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120302687","article-title":"Effect of forest walking on autonomic nervous system activity in middle-aged hypertensive individuals: A pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091877","article-title":"The urban brain: Analysing outdoor physical activity with mobile EEG","volume":"49","author":"Aspinall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/23748834.2019.1619893","article-title":"The impact of walking in different urban environments on brain activity in older people","volume":"4","author":"Neale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cities Health"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2008.07.004","article-title":"Validity of segmental multiple-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis to estimate body composition of adults across a range of body mass indexes","volume":"25","author":"Shafer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01322.2005","article-title":"Changes in tissue water content measured with multiple-frequency bioimpedance and metabolism measured with 31P-MRS during progressive forearm exercise","volume":"101","author":"Raja","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2013.02.018","article-title":"The effect of exercise training on cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"21","author":"Gates","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Off. J. Am. Assoc. Geriatr. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/6\/3004\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:36:01Z","timestamp":1760160961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/6\/3004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18063004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18063004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]]}}}