{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T05:58:26Z","timestamp":1774159106324,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000862","name":"Sir Halley Stewart Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1358"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Poverty creates social conditions that increase the likelihood of homelessness. These include exposure to traumatic life experiences; social disadvantages such as poor educational experiences; being raised in a broken family, care homes or foster care; physical, emotional, and sexual abuse; and neglect at an early age. These conditions reduce people\u2019s ability to negotiate through life challenges. This cross-sectional study documents the clustering and frequency of adverse social conditions among 152 homeless people from four cities in North West England between January and August 2020. Two-step cluster analysis showed that having parents with a criminal record, care history, and child neglect\/abuse history was predictive of homelessness. The cluster of indicator variables among homeless people included sexual abuse (\u03c72 (N = 152) = 220.684, p &lt; 0.001, Cramer\u2019s V = 0.7), inappropriate sexual behaviour (\u03c72 (N = 152) = 207.737, p &lt; 0.001, Cramer\u2019s V = 0.7), emotional neglect (\u03c72 (N = 152) = 181.671, p &lt; 0.001, Cramer\u2019s V = 0.7), physical abuse by step-parent (\u03c72 (N = 152) = 195.882, p &lt; 0.001, Cramer\u2019s V = 0.8), and physical neglect (\u03c72 (N = 152) = 205.632, p &lt; 0.001, Cramer\u2019s V = 0.8). Poverty and homelessness are intertwined because of the high prevalence of poverty among the homeless. Poverty sets up a chain of interactions between social conditions that increase the likelihood of unfavourable outcomes: homelessness is at the end of the interaction chain. Interventions supporting families to rise out of poverty may also reduce entry into homelessness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18063066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T12:01:02Z","timestamp":1615896062000},"page":"3066","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Homelessness Is Socially Created: Cluster Analysis of Social Determinants of Homelessness (SODH) in North West England in 2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1350-7065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mzwandile","family":"Mabhala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Social Care, Department of Public Health and Wellbeing, University of CHESTER, Riverside Campus, Chester CH1 1SL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Winifred Adaobi","family":"Esealuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Social Care, Department of Public Health and Wellbeing, University of CHESTER, Riverside Campus, Chester CH1 1SL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda Nkolika","family":"Nwufo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Social Care, Department of Public Health and Wellbeing, University of CHESTER, Riverside Campus, Chester CH1 1SL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chinwe","family":"Enyinna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Social Care, Department of Public Health and Wellbeing, University of CHESTER, Riverside Campus, Chester CH1 1SL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chelsea Nonkosi","family":"Mabhala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Treasure","family":"Udechukwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole des Hautes \u00c9tudes en Sant\u00e9 Publique, 93 210 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Social Care, Department of Public Health and Wellbeing, University of CHESTER, Riverside Campus, Chester CH1 1SL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asmait","family":"Yohannes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asmait Skincare and Design, Stamford, CT 06902, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.2.241","article-title":"Homelessness in female-headed families: Childhood and adult risk and protective factors","volume":"87","author":"Bassuk","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. 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