{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:37:43Z","timestamp":1787240263044,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["X"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014674","name":"Conseil r\u00e9gional du Grand Est","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["X"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014674","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-11-LABX-0002-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-11-LABX-0002-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004431","name":"Fondation de France","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["X"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004431","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mass-participation events in temperate forests are now well-established features of outdoor activities and represent high-risk activities regarding human exposition to tick bites. In this study we used a citizen science approach to quantify the space\u2013time frequency of tick bites and undetected tick bites among orienteers that participated in a 6-day orienteering competition that took place in July 2018 in the forests of Eastern France, and we looked at the use and efficacy of different preventive behaviors. Our study confirms that orienteers are a high-risk population for tick bites, with 62.4% of orienteers bitten at least once during the competition, and 2.4 to 12.1 orienteers per 100 orienteers were bitten by ticks when walking 1 km. In addition, 16.7% of orienteers bitten by ticks had engorged ticks, meaning that they did not detect and remove their ticks immediately after the run. Further, only 8.5% of orienteers systematically used a repellent, and the use of repellent only partially reduced the probability of being bitten by ticks. These results represent the first attempt to quantify the risk of not immediately detecting a tick bite and provide rare quantitative data on the frequency of tick bites for orienteers according to walking distance and time spent in the forest. The results also provide information on the use of repellent, which will be very helpful for modeling risk assessment. The study also shows that prevention should be increased for orienteers in France.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18063161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T22:19:36Z","timestamp":1616105976000},"page":"3161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Are Orienteers Protected Enough against Tick Bites? Estimating Human Exposure to Tick Bites through a Participative Science Survey during an Orienteering Competition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9757-8284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Durand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tous Chercheurs Laboratory, UMR 1136 \u2018Interactions Arbres Micro-Organismes\u2019, INRAE\u2014Lorraine University, Centre INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laure","family":"Bournez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), F-54220 Malz\u00e9ville, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Marchand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CPIE Champenoux, F-54280 Champenoux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), F-54220 Malz\u00e9ville, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Carravieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tous Chercheurs Laboratory, UMR 1136 \u2018Interactions Arbres Micro-Organismes\u2019, INRAE\u2014Lorraine University, Centre INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France"},{"name":"CPIE Champenoux, F-54280 Champenoux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9atrice","family":"Palin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tous Chercheurs Laboratory, UMR 1136 \u2018Interactions Arbres Micro-Organismes\u2019, INRAE\u2014Lorraine University, Centre INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyril","family":"Galley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CPIE Champenoux, F-54280 Champenoux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7289-9735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Godard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Universit\u00e9 Paris 8, UMR LADYSS CNRS, F-93200 Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annick","family":"Brun-Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tous Chercheurs Laboratory, UMR 1136 \u2018Interactions Arbres Micro-Organismes\u2019, INRAE\u2014Lorraine University, Centre INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Cosson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR BIPAR, INRAE, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Frey-Klett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US 1371 Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, INRAE, Centre INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.07.003","article-title":"Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases: A One Health Perspective","volume":"28","author":"Chomel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.09.118","article-title":"A Clear and Present Danger: Tick-Borne Diseases in Europe","volume":"8","author":"Heyman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. 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