{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T17:43:38Z","timestamp":1767980618947,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agencja Bada\u0144 Medycznych - Polska (Medical Research Agency - Poland)","award":["2020\/ABM\/COVID19\/0044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/ABM\/COVID19\/0044"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lack of knowledge around seroprevalence levels of COVID-19 in Poland was the reason for the implementation of a seroepidemiological study in the Katowice Region (2,100,000 inhabitants). In October\u2013November 2020, a questionnaire examination and measurement of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies were performed in a random sample of the general population (n = 1167). The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of IgG and IgM antibodies and to assess their host-related correlates. The prevalence of IgG seropositivity was 11.4% (95% CI: 9.5\u201313.2%) and IgM seropositivity was 4.6% (95% CI: 3.5\u20135.8%). Diagnosis of COVID-19 was found in 4.8% of subjects. A positive IgG test was statistically significantly associated with age (inverse relationship), a person\u2019s contact with a COVID-19 patient, quarantine, and two symptoms in the past: fever and loss of smell\/taste. Positive IgG tests were less prevalent in subjects who had diagnoses of arterial hypertension, diabetes, or rheumatologic disorders. IgM test positivity was associated with quarantine and loss of smell\/taste only with no effect of chronic diseases found. In Poland, in the period October\u2013November 2020, the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was larger than earlier estimates obtained in other European countries, probably reflecting the measurements obtained during the \u201csecond wave\u201d of the epidemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18063188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T11:18:38Z","timestamp":1616152718000},"page":"3188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in a Random Sample of Inhabitants of the Katowice Region, Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jan E.","family":"Zejda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz M.","family":"Bro\u017cek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9386-0346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Kowalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0106-9662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Bara\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4525-9553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelina","family":"Kaleta-Pilarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2090-523X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Nowakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8460-3893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuchen","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Buszman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Poland (2021, January 24). COVID-19 Statistics, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.pl\/web\/koronawirus\/wykaz-zarazen-koronawirusem-sars-cov-2."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Euroimmun.com (2021, March 07). Product Features of the Euroimmun ELISAs for COVID-19 Diagnostics. Available online: https:\/\/www.coronavirus-diagnostics.com\/antibody-detection-tests-for-covid-19.html."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.10.020","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence Worldwide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"27","author":"Rostami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bobrovitz, N., Arora, R.K., Cao, C., Boucher, E., Liu, M., Rahim, H., Donnici, C., Ilincic, N., Duarte, N., and Van Wyk, J. (2021, February 10). Global Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Available online: https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.11.17.20233460v2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252617"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herzog, S., De Bie, J., Abrams, S., Wouters, I., Ekinci, E., Patteet, L., Coppens, A., De Spiegeleer, S., Beutels, P., and Van Damme, P. (2021, February 10). Seroprevalence of IgG Antibodies Against SARS Coronavirus 2 in Belgium\u2014A Prospective Cross-Sectional Nationwide Study of Residual Samples. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.06.08.20125179.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.08.20125179"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31304-0","article-title":"Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in Geneva, Switzerland (SEROCoV-POP): A population-based study","volume":"396","author":"Stringhini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrat, F., de Lamaballerie, X., Rahib, D., Blanche, H., Lapidus, N., Artaud, F., Kab, S., Renuy, A., de Szabo Edelenyi, F., and Meyer, L. (2021, February 10). Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Among Adults in Three Regions of France Following the Lockdown and Associated Risk Factors: A Multicohort Study. Available online: https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.09.16.20195693v1.","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab110"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.011","article-title":"Population-based seroprevalence surveys of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody: An up-to-date review","volume":"101","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m3364","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3364","article-title":"Are we underestimating seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2?","volume":"370","author":"Burgess","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0348-8","article-title":"Considering how biological sex impacts immune responses and COVID-19 outcomes","volume":"20","author":"Scully","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd7728","article-title":"Robust neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection persist for month","volume":"370","author":"Wajnberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"CD013652","article-title":"Antibody tests for identification of current and past infection with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"6","author":"Deeks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02147","article-title":"What\u2019s sex got to do with COVID-19? Gender-based differences in the host immune reponses to coronaviruses","volume":"11","author":"Gadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-020-00961-1","article-title":"The loss of smell and taste in the COVID-19 outbreak: A tale of many countries","volume":"20","author":"Mullol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.01.007","article-title":"Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19","volume":"184","author":"Sette","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.05.002","article-title":"Sinai Immunology Review Project. Immunology of COVID-19: Current state of the science","volume":"52","author":"Vabret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"64","article-title":"Epidemiological evidence for association between higher influenza vaccine uptake in the elderly and lower COVID-19 deaths in Italy","volume":"93","author":"Schwartz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Riccio, M., Lorini, L., Bonaccorsi, G., Paget, J., and Caini, S. (2020). The association between influenza vaccination and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, severe illness, and death: A systematic review of the literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202009.0702.v1"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conlon, A., Ashur, C., Washer, L., Eagle, K.M., and Hofmann Bowman, M.A. (2021). Impact of the influenza vaccine on COVID-19 infection rates and severity. Am. J. Infect. Control., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2021.02.012"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0949-6","article-title":"Seroprevalence of immunoglobulin M and G antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in China","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00922-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00922-20","article-title":"Descriptive, retrospective study of the clinical characteristics of asymptomatic COVID-19 patients","volume":"5","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18272-4","article-title":"Substantial underestimation of SARS-COV-2 infection in the United States","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Flegg, J.A., White, L.J., and Aguas, R. (2021, February 10). Levels of SARS-CoV-2 Population Exposure are Considerably Higher than Suggested by Seroprevalence Survyes. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.01.08.21249432.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.08.21249432"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00797-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00797-20","article-title":"The role of antibody testing for SARS-COV-2: Is there one?","volume":"58","author":"Theel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piec, I., English, E., Thomas, M.A., Dervisevic, S., Fraser, W.D., and John, W.G. (2021). Performance of SARS-CoV-2 serology tests: Are they good enough ?. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245914"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/6\/3188\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:38:09Z","timestamp":1760161089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/6\/3188"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18063188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18063188","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]}}}