{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T04:52:24Z","timestamp":1767847944645,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bavarian State Ministry of Science and the Arts","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]},{"name":"University Hospital, LMU Munich","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]},{"name":"Helmholtz Centre Munich","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008131","name":"University of Bonn","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008131","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005721","name":"University of Bielefeld","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005721","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"German Ministry for Education and Research","award":["MoKoCo19, 01KI20271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MoKoCo19, 01KI20271"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Given the large number of mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 cases, only population-based studies can provide reliable estimates of the magnitude of the pandemic. We therefore aimed to assess the sero-prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the Munich general population after the first wave of the pandemic. For this purpose, we drew a representative sample of 2994 private households and invited household members 14 years and older to complete questionnaires and to provide blood samples. SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was defined as Roche N pan-Ig \u2265 0.4218. We adjusted the prevalence for the sampling design, sensitivity, and specificity. We investigated risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and geospatial transmission patterns by generalized linear mixed models and permutation tests. Seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies was 1.82% (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28\u20132.37%) as compared to 0.46% PCR-positive cases officially registered in Munich. Loss of the sense of smell or taste was associated with seropositivity (odds ratio (OR) 47.4; 95% CI 7.2\u2013307.0) and infections clustered within households. By this first population-based study on SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in a large German municipality not affected by a superspreading event, we could show that at least one in four cases in private households was reported and known to the health authorities. These results will help authorities to estimate the true burden of disease in the population and to take evidence-based decisions on public health measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18073572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T09:57:04Z","timestamp":1617098224000},"page":"3572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Prevalence and Risk Factors of Infection in the Representative COVID-19 Cohort Munich"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7383-8750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Pritsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Radon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Center for International Health (CIH), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) Munich, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 89337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5123-1974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishek","family":"Bakuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronan","family":"Le Gleut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen\u2014German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Computational Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"},{"name":"Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen\u2014German Research Center for Environmental Health, Core Facility Statistical Consulting, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8881-4102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Olbrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Guggenb\u00fcehl Noller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elmar","family":"Saathoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noemi","family":"Castelletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6903-0732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merc\u00e8","family":"Gar\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen\u2014German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Computational Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"P\u00fctz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen\u2014German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Computational Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yannik","family":"Sch\u00e4lte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen\u2014German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Computational Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Mathematics, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 85748 Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3264-6039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Turid","family":"Frahnow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen\u2014German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Computational Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"W\u00f6lfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Rothe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, 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