{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:01:15Z","timestamp":1792623675230,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Program of the National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["19ZDA352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19ZDA352"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hallux valgus (HV) deformity is a common, potentially debilitating deformity. And evidence with high-quality for the conservative treatments of HV deformity is still required.; AIMS: To compare the effects of different conservative treatments for hallux valgus deformity by using the method of network meta-analysis.; Study Design: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials identified by searching PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, OVID, and CINAHL. The included studies should have the characteristics that: (1) participants with hallux valgus deformity of any age (2) conservative treatments (3) Reported the hallux valgus (HVA), the intermetatarsal angle (IMA), the score of the Visual Analog Scale, and the score of Foot Function Index.; Results: 11 studies were included in this review. The agreement between reviewers reached a kappa value of 0.75. The results of the network meta-analysis showed that a combination of exercise and toe separator, night splints, and dry needling are most likely to be the best choice for reducing the hallux valgus angle (HVA) and intermetatarsal angle, and toe separators (with or without exercise), dry needling, and manipulation (with or without ice treatment) have advantages in improving the subjective feeling of patients.; Conclusions: Multi-disciplinary conservative treatments have a great potential for hallux valgus deformity. More research with high-quality is needed to give a comprehensive and reasonable scheme of a holistic and long-term treatment protocol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18073841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T10:34:12Z","timestamp":1617705252000},"page":"3841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Adjusted Indirect and Mixed Comparisons of Conservative Treatments for Hallux Valgus: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Ying","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science &amp; Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8357-9710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yining","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science &amp; Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00edr\u00f3","family":"Istv\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, 6724 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.33B3.376","article-title":"Observations on hallux valgus: Based on a controlled series","volume":"33","author":"Hardy","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka, Y., Takakura, Y., Takaoka, T., Akiyama, K., Fujii, T., and Tamai, S. (1997). Radiographic Analysis of Hallux Valgus in Women on Weightbearing and Nonweightbearing. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 186\u2013194.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199703000-00026"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.42B4.749","article-title":"The natural history of hallux valgus in adolescence and early adult life","volume":"42","author":"Piggott","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Gomez, R., Bengoa-Vallejo, R.B., Losa-Iglesias, M.E., Calvo-Lobo, C., Romero-Morales, C., Martinez-Jimenez, E.M., Palomo-Lopez, P., and Lopez-Lopez, D. (2019). Heel Height as an Etiology of Hallux Abductus Valgus Development: An electromagnetic Static and Dynamic First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Study. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19061328"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Phillps, D. (1988). Biomechanics in Hallux Valgus and Forefoot Surgery, Churchill Livingstone."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"327","article-title":"Correlation between hallux valgus angle and age","volume":"29","author":"Turan","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Foot Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4135.579","article-title":"Hallux Valgus and Rigidus","volume":"1","author":"Allan","year":"1940","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2012.06.007","article-title":"Characteristics of foot structure and footwear associated with hallux valgus: A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Nix","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078600700106","article-title":"Biomechanics of Hallux Valgus and Spread Foot","volume":"7","author":"Snijders","year":"1986","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Barney, L. (1979). Normal and Abnormal Function of the Foot: Clinical Biomechanics, vol 2. Phys. Ther., 3."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"304","article-title":"Metatarsus adductus and hallux abducto valgus: Their correlation","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Foot Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-82-12-616","article-title":"Metatarsus adductus and selected radiographic measurements of the first ray in normal feet","volume":"82","author":"Griffiths","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079902001007","article-title":"Mobility of the first tarsometatarsal joint in relation to hallux valgus deformity: Anatomical and biomechanical aspects","volume":"20","author":"Faber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079501600302","article-title":"First Metatarsocuneiform Motion: A Radiographic and Statistical Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Fritz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-78-6-300","article-title":"Shape of the first metatarsal head in hallux rigidus and hallux valgus","volume":"78","author":"Brahm","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070202300308","article-title":"The Shape of the Metatarsal Head as a Cause of Hallux Abductovalgus","volume":"23","author":"Ferrari","year":"2002","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-66-12-910","article-title":"The role of adductor hallucis in bunion deformity: Part I","volume":"66","author":"Cralley","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-84-1-19","article-title":"Tibialis posterior tendon associated with hallux abducto valgus: A preliminary study","volume":"84","author":"Bozant","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078800800507","article-title":"Hypermobility in Hallux Valgus","volume":"8","author":"Carl","year":"1988","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-69-1-69","article-title":"Generalized ligamentous laxity, hallux abducto valgus and the first metatarsocuneiform joint","volume":"69","author":"McNerney","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"560","article-title":"Adult hallux valgus, Arthritides","volume":"151","author":"Mann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surg. Foot Ankle"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s003930050194","article-title":"Progression of Foot Deformities in Rheumatoid Arthritis\u2014A Radio-Logic Follow-Up Study Over 5 Years","volume":"58","author":"Haas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Z Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/62.8.1148","article-title":"Pathomechanics, Gait Deviations, and Treatment of the Rheumatoid Foot: A Clinical Report","volume":"62","author":"Dimonte","year":"1982","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.3109\/17453677708989743","article-title":"The Hallux and Rheumatiod Arthritis","volume":"48","author":"Kirkup","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Scand."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-3-21","article-title":"Prevalence of hallux valgus in the general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Nix","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5451.1648","article-title":"Incidence of Hallux Valgus in a Partially Shoe-Wearing Community","volume":"1","author":"Shine","year":"1965","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(66)90304-7","article-title":"Prevalence of hallux valgus in a neolithic New Guinea population","volume":"1","author":"Maclennan","year":"1966","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195840050-00007","article-title":"A comparison of foot forms among the non-shoe and shoe-wearing Chinese population","volume":"40","author":"Hodgson","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12695","article-title":"Impact of Hallux Valgus related of quality of life in Women","volume":"14","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perez Boal, E., Becerro de Bengoa Vallejo, R., Fuentes Rodriguez, M., Lopez Lopez, D., and Losa Iglesias, M.E. (2016). Geometry of the Proximal Phalanx of Hallux and First Metatarsal Bone to Predict Hallux Abducto Valgus: A Radiological Study. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166197"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-015-1260-4","article-title":"Influence of first proximal phalanx geometry on hallux valgus deformity: A finite element analysis","volume":"53","author":"Bayod","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(03)70014-3","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of first metatarsophalangeal joint disorders\u2014Section 1: Hallux valgus","volume":"42","author":"Vanore","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-76-11-641","article-title":"Neuritic bunion syndrome","volume":"76","author":"Rosen","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-6-9","article-title":"Gait parameters associated with hallux valgus: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Nix","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-6-42","article-title":"Hallux valgus and plantar pressure loading: The Framingham foot study","volume":"6","author":"Galica","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrari, J., Higgins, J.P., and Prior, T.D. (2004). Interventions for treating hallux valgus (abductovalgus) and bunions. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000964.pub2"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1097\/00124743-199512000-00001","article-title":"Can Foot Orthoses Prevent Hallux Valgus Deformity in Rheumatoid Arthritis? A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"1","author":"Conrad","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.19.2474","article-title":"Surgery vs. Orthosis vs. Watchful Waiting for Hallux Valgus: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"285","author":"Torkki","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Juriansz, A. (1996). Conservative Treatment of Hallux Valgus: A Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial of a Hallux Valgus Night Splint, King\u2019s College London."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0958-2592(93)90074-D","article-title":"Results after chevron osteotomy and proximal osteotomy for hallux valgus: A prospective, randomized study","volume":"3","author":"Resch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Foot"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.66B5.6389559","article-title":"Keller\u2019s arthroplasty: Is distraction useful? A prospective trial","volume":"66","author":"Sherman","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clch.2005.06.001","article-title":"A pilot study of the efficacy of a conservative chiro-practic protocol using graded mobilization, manipulation and ice in the treatment of symptomatic hallux abductovalgus bunion","volume":"8","author":"Brantingham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Chiropr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364617698518","article-title":"Effectiveness of the custom-mold room temperature vulcanizing silicone toe separator on hallux valgus: A prospective, randomized single-blinded con-trolled trial","volume":"42","author":"Chadchavalpanichaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prosthetics Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foot.2010.11.006","article-title":"Manual and manipulative therapy compared to night splint for symptomatic hallux abducto valgus: An exploratory randomised clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Zipfel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foot"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005","article-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement","volume":"62","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f2914","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f2914","article-title":"Demystifying trial networks and network meta-analysis","volume":"346","author":"Mills","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.7547\/17-026","article-title":"Foot Mobilization and Exercise Program Combined with Toe Separator Improves Outcomes in Women with Moderate Hallux Valgus at 1-Year Follow-up A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"108","author":"Abdalbary","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2020.02.016","article-title":"Effects of dry needling on symptomatic hallux valgus: A randomized single blind clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Kharazmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.76B2.8113278","article-title":"A controlled prospective trial of a foot orthosis for juvenile hallux valgus","volume":"76","author":"Kilmartin","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"107","article-title":"Comparison of designed slippers splints with the splints available on the market in the treatment of hallux valgus","volume":"50","author":"Mirzashahi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Med. Iran"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foot.2019.06.002","article-title":"A comparison of the hallux valgus angle, range of motion, and patient satisfaction after use of dynamic and static orthoses","volume":"41","author":"Moulodi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foot"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2019.01.002","article-title":"Short term results of dynamic splinting for hallux valgus\u2014A prospective randomized study","volume":"26","author":"Plaass","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640701669074","article-title":"Effects of insole with toe-separator and night splint on patients with painful hallux valgus: A comparative study","volume":"32","author":"Tehraninasr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(15)30014-7","article-title":"Botulinum Toxin type A injections for patients with painful hallux valgus: A double-blind, randomized controlled study","volume":"129","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"90","article-title":"Comparison of different conservative treatment approachs in patients with hallux valgus","volume":"13","author":"Bek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Jt. Dis. Relat. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"403","article-title":"The effects of taping and foot exercises on patients with hallux valgus: A preliminary study","volume":"41","author":"Bayar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.034686","article-title":"Ultrasound guided dry needling and autologous blood injection for patellar tendinosis","volume":"41","author":"James","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-004-0485-6","article-title":"Comparison of lidocaine injection, botulinum toxin injection, and dry needling to trigger points in myofascial pain syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Kamanli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-01998-8","article-title":"Tennis elbow, study protocol for a randomized clinical trial: Needling with and without platelet-rich plasma after failure of up-to-date rehabilitation","volume":"15","author":"Schwitzguebel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.21.2303","article-title":"A review of the incorporation of complementary and alternative medicine by mainstream physicians","volume":"158","author":"Astin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2009.05.011","article-title":"Differential physiological effects during tonic painful hand immersion tests using hot and ice water","volume":"14","author":"Streff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23184","DOI":"10.5812\/asjsm.23184","article-title":"Effect of Ice Massage on Lower Extremity Functional Performance and Weight Discrimination Ability in Collegiate Footballers","volume":"5","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2006.06.019","article-title":"Short and Long-Term Results of Connective Tissue Manipulation and Combined Ultrasound Therapy in Patients with Fibromyalgia","volume":"29","author":"Akbayrak","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Manip. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"98","article-title":"Chiropractic manipulation of anteriorly displaced temporomandibular disc with adhesion","volume":"18","author":"Saghafi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Manip. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-47.4.14","article-title":"What Is the Evidence for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation Therapy in the Treatment of Ankle Sprains in Adults?","volume":"47","author":"Struijs","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1258\/rsmsmj.54.1.29","article-title":"Manipulation under anaesthesia and early physiotherapy facilitate recovery of patients with frozen shoulder syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Ng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scott. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1996.tb03968.x","article-title":"The Podiatric Treatment of Hallux Abducto Valgus and Its Associated Condition, Bunion, with Tagetes patula","volume":"48","author":"Khan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2018.04.010","article-title":"Effects of severe hallux valgus on metatarsal stress and the metatarsophalangeal loading during balanced standing: A finite element analysis","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/7\/3841\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:11:26Z","timestamp":1760364686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/7\/3841"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18073841"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18073841","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]}}}