{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T18:29:44Z","timestamp":1770488984233,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FONDEQUIP","award":["EQM 190153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EQM 190153"]}]},{"name":"Programa de Investigaci\u00f3n Asociativa (PIA) en Ciencias Cognitivas, Universidad de Talca, Chile","award":["RU-158-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RU-158-2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The five-to-fifteen (FTF) questionnaire is a screening tool completed by parents that is able to distinguish developmental disorders in children aged 5 to 15 years old. The current study aimed to characterize the developmental difficulties by gender and school age (kindergarten and first grade) of children in their transition to primary school, using the Spanish-language version of the FTF questionnaire. The participants were 541 parents of typically developed children from kindergarten and first grade in public schools in Chile. Developmental difficulties were revealed, showing that boys displayed significantly more difficulties in their social skills when compared to girls, and that kindergartners displayed significantly more developmental difficulties than first graders. The children\u2019s developmental difficulties in executive functions, social skills, and emotional\/behavioral problems exhibited interactions between gender and school age. The findings were discussed in terms of current conceptualizations of both executive functions and self-regulatory processes. These processes and functions are configured early in development, are gradually consolidated over the course of school age, and can be strengthened or weakened by conditions experienced in childhood. Early screening of developmental difficulties from the parents\u2019 perspective would facilitate early detection of problems, as early as in kindergarten, and considering the normal adaptable development of children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18083958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T10:05:21Z","timestamp":1617962721000},"page":"3958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Screening of Developmental Difficulties during the Transition to Primary School"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8157-2056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parenting and Family Support Centre, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias Cognitivas, Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda, Universidad de Talca, Avenida Lircay s\/n, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8505-5179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram\u00f3n D.","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias Cognitivas, Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda, Universidad de Talca, Avenida Lircay s\/n, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Patricio","family":"Franzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corporaci\u00f3n para el Desarrollo del Aprendizaje (CDA), Santiago 8370167, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Humanidades y Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Chile Inacap, Santiago 8320000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Martinich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corporaci\u00f3n para el Desarrollo del Aprendizaje (CDA), Santiago 8370167, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Achenbach, T.M. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist\/4-18 and 1991 Profile, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2019.05.005","article-title":"Classroom quality and children\u2019s social skills and problem behaviors: Dosage and disability status as moderators","volume":"49","author":"Aguiar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Early Child. Res. Q."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-004-3004-0","article-title":"The occurrence of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity and coexisting symptoms in a population study of 471 6\u20138-year old children based on the FTF (Five to Fifteen) questionnaire","volume":"13","author":"Airaksinen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0772-x","article-title":"The children\u2019s Empathy Quotient and Systemizing Quotient: Sex differences in typical development and in autism spectrum Conditions","volume":"39","author":"Auyeung","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbu, S., and Cabanes, G. (2011). Boys and girls on the playground: Sex differences in social development are not stable across early childhood. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016407"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-48082012000300004","article-title":"El cuestionario Five to Fifteen (FTF) para una evaluaci\u00f3n integral del desarrollo: Propiedades psicom\u00e9tricas y caracterizaci\u00f3n de muestra de ni\u00f1os chilenos","volume":"30","author":"Franzani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ter. Psicol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"64","article-title":"Factors associated with the successful transition to primary school","volume":"5","author":"Besi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Educ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-004-3003-1","article-title":"Behavioural problems and psychiatric symptoms in 5\u201313 year-old Swedish children\u2014A comparison of parent ratings on the FTF (Five to Fifteen) with the ratings on CBCL (Child Behavior Checklist)","volume":"13","author":"Bohlin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-006-0508-9","article-title":"ADHD and language impairment: A study of the parent questionnaire FTF (Five to Fifteen)","volume":"15","author":"Bruce","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"239","article-title":"The relationship between parental concerns and professional assessment in developmental delay in infants and children\u2014A hospital-based study","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/00131881.2016.1200255","article-title":"Adaptation in the transition to school: Perspectives of parents, preschool and primary school teachers","volume":"58","author":"Correia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","article-title":"Executive functions","volume":"64","author":"Diamond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1177\/1476718X04042976","article-title":"Starting School: Perspectives of Australian children, parents and educators","volume":"2","author":"Dockett","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Early Child. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"35","article-title":"When the bell rings we have to go inside: Preschool children\u2019s views on the primary school","volume":"11","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Early Child. Educ. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/1476718X14552874","article-title":"Transitional practice: Teachers and children in-between classrooms in one early childhood centre","volume":"14","author":"Fincham","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Early Child. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579414001461","article-title":"Emotion-based preventive intervention: Effectively promoting emotion knowledge and adaptive behavior among at-risk preschoolers","volume":"27","author":"Finlon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-012-0564-z","article-title":"Can standardized diagnostic assessment be a useful adjunct to clinical assessment in child mental health services? A randomized controlled trial of disclosure of the Development and Well-Being Assessment to practitioners","volume":"48","author":"Ford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280304200206","article-title":"Parents\u2019 evaluation of developmental status: How well do parents\u2019 concerns identify children with behavioral and emotional problems?","volume":"42","author":"Glascoe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2013.833925","article-title":"Change over time: Conducting longitudinal studies of children\u2019s cognitive development","volume":"14","author":"Grammer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Dev."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G.J., and Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, McGraw-Hill. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12675","article-title":"The Nordic Five to Fifteen questionnaire could provide the basis for a common neurological disability variable","volume":"103","author":"Illum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"3","article-title":"The FTF (Five to Fifteen): The development of a parent questionnaire for the assessment of ADHD and comorbid conditions","volume":"13","author":"Janols","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-004-3005-z","article-title":"Screening of developmental disorders in five-year-olds using the FTF (Five to Fifteen) questionnaire: A validation study","volume":"13","author":"Korkman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Korkman, M., Kirk, U., and Kemp, S.L. (1997). NEPSY: Lasten Neuropsykologinen Tutkimus [NEPSYA. Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment. Finnish], Psykologien Kustannus."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.12.018","article-title":"Elaboration, validation and standardization of the Five to Fifteen (FTF) questionnaire in a Danish population sample","volume":"38","author":"Lambek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.2010.00825.x","article-title":"Gender differences on the Five to Fifteen questionnaire in a non-referred sample with inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity and a clinic-referred sample with hyperkinetic disorder","volume":"51","author":"Lambek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2019.101779","article-title":"Bidirectional relationships between children\u2019s executive functioning, visual skills, and word reading ability during the transition from kindergarten to primary school","volume":"59","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contemp. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2007.06.001","article-title":"Pre-kindergarten teachers\u2019 use of transition practices and children\u2019s adjustment to kindergarten","volume":"23","author":"Mashburn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Early Child. Res. Q."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2073","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.2073","article-title":"The relationship between motor skills, perceived self-competence, peer problems and internalizing problems in a community sample of children","volume":"27","author":"Mancini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infant Child. Dev."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"43","article-title":"Preparing children for school\u2014Benefits and privileges","volume":"32","author":"Margetts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aust. J. Early Child."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"39","article-title":"Transition of children from preschool and home contexts to Grade 1 in two township primary schools in South Africa","volume":"21","author":"Margetts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Early Child. Educ. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2114","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.2114","article-title":"Profiles of executive functions and social skills in the transition to school: A person-centred approach","volume":"27","author":"Martarelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infant Child. Dev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025414558853","article-title":"Peer acceptance and the development of emotional and behavioural problems: Results from a preventive intervention study","volume":"39","author":"Menting","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Dev."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"MINEDUC (2019). Informe de Caracterizaci\u00f3n de la Educaci\u00f3n Parvularia. Descripci\u00f3n Estad\u00edstica del Sistema Educativo Asociado al Nivel de Educaci\u00f3n Parvularia en Chile, Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2012.07.004","article-title":"How do different aspects of self-regulation predict successful adaptation to school?","volume":"113","author":"Neuenschwander","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000308","article-title":"Ratings of Everyday Executive Functioning (REEF): A parent-report measure of preschoolers\u2019 executive functioning skills","volume":"29","author":"Nilsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304091","article-title":"Children\u2019s health and development: Approaches to early identification and intervention","volume":"98","author":"Oberklaid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1086\/605470","article-title":"Early adjustment, gender differences, and classroom organizational climate in first grade","volume":"110","author":"Ponitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Elem. Sch. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.8.730","article-title":"Effects of a school-based, early childhood intervention on adult health and well-being: A 19-year follow-up of low-income families","volume":"161","author":"Reynolds","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-3973(00)00051-4","article-title":"An ecological perspective on the transition to kindergarten: A theoretical framework to guide empirical research","volume":"21","author":"Pianta","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2010.01187.x","article-title":"The relationship between perceived physical competence and fundamental motor skills in preschool children","volume":"37","author":"Robinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child. Care Health Dev."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"29","article-title":"Funci\u00f3n y utilidad de los cuestionarios en el diagn\u00f3stico del trastorno por d\u00e9ficit de atenci\u00f3n e hiperactividad","volume":"1","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Psicol. Y Salud"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-308114","article-title":"Child development assessment tools in low-income and middle-income countries: How can we use them more appropriately?","volume":"100","author":"Sabanathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-008-0139-7","article-title":"Every Family: A population approach to reducing behavioral and emotional problems in children making the transition to school","volume":"29","author":"Sanders","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Prim. Prev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/10409280902783517","article-title":"Parent engagement and school readiness: Effects of the Getting Ready intervention on preschool children\u2019s social-emotional competencies","volume":"21","author":"Sheridan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Early Educ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1080\/1034912X.2017.1368461","article-title":"Developing preschoolers\u2019 social skills: The effectiveness of two educational methods","volume":"65","author":"Smogorzewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Disabil. Dev. Educ."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Soto Mu\u00f1oz, M. (2018). Teachers\u2019 Perceptions about the Reading Transition from Kindergarten to First Grade. [Doctoral Dissertation, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing]."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2015.01.008","article-title":"Parental and professional assessment of early child development: The ASQ-3 and the Bayley-III-NL","volume":"91","author":"Steenis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-004-3006-y","article-title":"Developmental profiles on the basis of the FTF (Five to Fifteen) questionnaire. Clinical validity and utility of the FTF in a child psychiatric sample","volume":"13","author":"Trillingsgaard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.10.007","article-title":"The relationship between multiple developmental difficulties in very low birth weight children at 3\u00bd years of age and the need for learning support at 5 years of age","volume":"35","author":"Verkerk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walk, L., Evers, W., Quante, S., and Hille, K. (2018). Evaluation of a teacher training program to enhance executive functions in preschool children. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197454"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Sonnander, K., Ramund, B., and Smedler, A.-C.H. (1998). Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children\u2013Third Edition (WISC-III), Psykologif\u00f6rlaget AB. Svensk Version."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/8\/3958\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:27:28Z","timestamp":1760365648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/8\/3958"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18083958"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18083958","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]}}}