{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T09:39:54Z","timestamp":1784626794826,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of psychotropic medication in children is increasing worldwide. Children with developmental disabilities seem to be prescribed these medications at a higher rate compared to their non-disabled peers. Little is known about prescribing in non-Western, middle-income studies. In Iran, the file records of 1133 children, aged 2 to 17 years, assessed as having autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or an intellectual disability (ID) in Tehran City and Province from 2005 to 2019 were collated, and information from parental reports of medications was extracted. Upwards of 80% of children with ASD and 56% of those with ID were prescribed a psychotropic medication with around one quarter in each group taking two or more medications. The rates were higher among male children showing difficult-to-manage behaviors such as hyperactivity, but less so for children of fathers with higher levels of education. The lack of alternative management strategies may be a significant driver for the use of psychotropic medications in Iran and other Low and Middle Income countries, despite their known side effects, and their failure to address the developmental needs of the children. Rather, multi-disciplinary, behavioral, therapeutic, and educational interventions are required, but these are not available widely in Iran, although a start has been made.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T22:55:09Z","timestamp":1618354509000},"page":"4120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Use of Psychotropic Medication in Iranian Children with Developmental Disabilities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8102-7402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roy","family":"McConkey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7965-9857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sayyed Ali","family":"Samadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ameneh","family":"Mahmoodizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Testing and Evaluation, Autism Section, Iranian Special Education Organization, Tehran 1416935684, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Taggart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2017.07.001","article-title":"International trends in antipsychotic use: A study in 16 countries, 2005\u20132014","volume":"27","author":"Aagaard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. 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