{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T11:02:00Z","timestamp":1784718120713,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]],"date-time":"2021-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Neighborhoods and the microbiome are linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD), yet investigations to identify microbiome-related factors at neighborhood levels have not been widely investigated. We sought to explore relationships between neighborhood deprivation index (NDI) and the microbial metabolite, trimethylamine-N-oxide. We hypothesized that inflammatory markers and dietary intake would be mediators of the relationship. Methods: African-American adults at risk for CVD living in the Washington, DC area were recruited to participate in a cross-sectional community-based study. US census-based neighborhood deprivation index (NDI) measures (at the census-tract level) were determined. Serum samples were analyzed for CVD risk factors, cytokines, and the microbial metabolite, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Self-reported dietary intake based on food groups was collected. Results: Study participants (n = 60) were predominantly female (93.3%), with a mean (SD) age of 60.83 (+\/\u221210.52) years. Mean (SD) NDI was \u22121.54 (2.94), and mean (SD) TMAO level was 4.99 (9.65) \u00b5mol\/L. Adjusting for CVD risk factors and BMI, NDI was positively associated with TMAO (\u03b2 = 0.31, p = 0.02). Using mediation analysis, the relationship between NDI and TMAO was significantly mediated by TNF-\u03b1 (60.15%) and interleukin)-1 \u03b2 (IL; 49.96%). When controlling for clustering within neighborhoods, the NDI-TMAO association was no longer significant (\u03b2 = 5.11, p = 0.11). However, the association between NDI and IL-1 \u03b2 (\u03b2 = 0.04, p = 0.004) and TNF-\u03b1 (\u03b2 = 0.17, p = 0.003) remained. Neither NDI nor TMAO was significantly associated with daily dietary intake. Conclusion and Relevance: Among a small sample of African-American adults at risk for CVD, there was a significant positive relationship with NDI and TMAO mediated by inflammation. These hypothesis-generating results are initial and need to be confirmed in larger studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]],"date-time":"2021-04-18T22:15:13Z","timestamp":1618784113000},"page":"4296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Neighborhood Environment Associates with Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) as a Cardiovascular Risk Marker"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3250-8688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Farmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristhian A.","family":"Gutierrez-Huerta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Briana S.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie M.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Billy S.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7400-0773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvonne","family":"Baumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwenyth R.","family":"Wallen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9488-4131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiffany M.","family":"Powell-Wiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"},{"name":"Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Minority and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.002","article-title":"The Impact of Neighborhoods on CV Risk","volume":"11","author":"Mujahid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob Heart"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303471","article-title":"Neighborhood Disadvantage, Poor Social Conditions, and Cardiovascular Disease Incidence Among African American Adults in the Jackson Heart Study","volume":"106","author":"Barber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. 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