{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:45:56Z","timestamp":1791837956136,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The work reported was undertaken during the tenure of a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, partially supported by the European Commission FP7 Marie Curie Actions\u2013People\u2013Co-funding of regional, national and intern","award":["The work reported was undertaken during the tenure of a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, partially supported by the European Commission FP7 Marie Curie Actions\u2013People\u2013Co-funding of regional, national and intern"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["The work reported was undertaken during the tenure of a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, partially supported by the European Commission FP7 Marie Curie Actions\u2013People\u2013Co-funding of regional, national and intern"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Petroleum extraction and refining are major sources of various occupational exposures and of air pollution and may therefore contribute to the global cancer burden. This systematic review and meta-analysis is aimed at evaluating the cancer risk in petroleum-exposed workers and in residents living near petroleum facilities. Relevant studies were identified and retrieved through PubMed and Web of Science databases. Summary effect size (ES) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were analysed using random effect models, and heterogeneity across studies was assessed (I2). Overall, petroleum industry work was associated with an increased risk of mesothelioma (ES = 2.09, CI: 1.58\u20132.76), skin melanoma (ES = 1.34, CI: 1.06\u20131.70 multiple myeloma (ES =1.81, CI: 1.28\u20132.55), and cancers of the prostate (ES = 1.13, Cl: 1.05\u20131.22) and urinary bladder (ES = 1.25, CI: 1.09\u20131.43) and a decreased risk of cancers of the esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, and pancreas. Offshore petroleum work was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (ES = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.03\u20131.39) and leukemia (ES = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.12\u20131.92) in stratified analysis. Residential proximity to petroleum facilities was associated with childhood leukemia (ES = 1.90, CI: 1.34\u20132.70). Very few studies examined specific exposures among petroleum industry workers or residents living in oil producing communities. The present review warrants further studies on specific exposure levels and pathways among petroleum-exposed workers and residents living near petroleum facilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T13:58:04Z","timestamp":1618927084000},"page":"4343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Cancer Incidence and Mortality among Petroleum Industry Workers and Residents Living in Oil Producing Communities: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4953-4949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix M.","family":"Onyije","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC\/WHO), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2670-9133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bayan","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC\/WHO), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6470-7775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayo","family":"Togawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC\/WHO), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Sch\u00fcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC\/WHO), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6498-2259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC\/WHO), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u0103tavu, S., Lobon\u021b, O.-R., Para, I., and Pelin, A. (2018). Addressing oil price changes through business profitability in oil and gas industry in the United Kingdom. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199100"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.166","article-title":"Microfibres from apparel and home textiles: Prospects for including microplastics in environmental sustainability assessment","volume":"652","author":"Henry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"25","article-title":"Hazardous Effects of Petrochemical Industries: A Review","volume":"3","author":"Aksha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Recent Adv. Petrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"IARC (2019). List of Classifications by Cancer Sites with Sufficient or Limited Evidence in Humans, IARC."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1039\/C4EM00081A","article-title":"Air quality concerns of unconventional oil and natural gas production","volume":"16","author":"Field","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/ep.11713","article-title":"An examination of historical air pollutant emissions from us petroleum refineries","volume":"32","author":"Nelson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuccella, P., Thomas, J.L., Law, K.S., Raut, J.C., Marelle, L., Roiger, A., Weinzierl, B., van der Gon, H., Schlager, H., and Onishi, T. (2017). Air pollution impacts due to petroleum extraction in the Norwegian Sea during the ACCESS aircraft campaign. Elem. Sci. Anthr., 5.","DOI":"10.1525\/elementa.124"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuomi, T., Veijalainen, H., and Santonen, T. (2018). Managing Exposure to Benzene and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons at Two Oil Refineries 1977\u20132014. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15020197"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3200\/AEOH.61.1.11-16","article-title":"Asbestos-related cancers in refinery workers in the Australian petroleum industry","volume":"61","author":"Gun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e329","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001336","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Selected Cancers in Petroleum Refinery Workers","volume":"60","author":"Schnatter","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-020-00582-1","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of haematological malignancies in residents living near petrochemical facilities","volume":"19","author":"Jephcote","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G., and The, P.G. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins, J.T.J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M.J., and Welch, V.A. (2019). Cochrane, 2019. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Wiley-Blackwell. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Aromataris, E., and Munn, Z. (2021, March 09). Systematic Reviews of Etiology and Risk. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis, Available online: https:\/\/synthesismanual.jbi.global."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2019-111191","article-title":"The magnitude of small-study effects in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: An empirical study of nearly 30,000 meta-analyses","volume":"25","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Evid. Based Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7304.101","article-title":"Systematic reviews in health care: Investigating and dealing with publication and other biases in meta-analysis","volume":"323","author":"Sterne","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"511","article-title":"A prospective study in the Australian petroleum industry. II. Incidence of cancer","volume":"48","author":"Christie","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2002.005199","article-title":"Update of a prospective study of mortality and cancer incidence in the Australian petroleum industry","volume":"61","author":"Gun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2005.023796","article-title":"Update of mortality and cancer incidence in the Australian petroleum industry cohort","volume":"63","author":"Gun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.93101s685","article-title":"A retrospective mortality study among Canadian petroleum marketing and distribution workers","volume":"101","author":"Schnatter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.12.918","article-title":"Mortality and cancer morbidity in a cohort of Canadian petroleum workers","volume":"60","author":"Lewis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2011-100641","article-title":"Lung cancer incidence in Canadian petroleum workers","volume":"69","author":"Schnatter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001523","article-title":"Mortality Update of a Cohort of Canadian Petroleum Workers","volume":"61","author":"Schnatter","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1406","article-title":"Pleural mesothelioma and asbestos exposure among Italian oil refinery workers","volume":"20","author":"Gennaro","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199903)35:3<287::AID-AJIM9>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Mortality study in an Italian oil refinery: Extension of the follow-up","volume":"35","author":"Consonni","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-11-34","article-title":"Mortality and morbidity study of petrochemical employees in a polluted site","volume":"11","author":"Pasetto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"3","article-title":"Cancer risk in oil refinery workers: A pooled mortality study in Italy","volume":"110","author":"Bonzini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Lav."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5491\/SHAW.2011.2.1.26","article-title":"Lymphohematopoietic Cancer Mortality and Morbidity of Workers in a Refinery\/Petrochemical Complex in Korea","volume":"2","author":"Koh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Saf. Health Work"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1179\/2049396714Y.0000000059","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality among temporary maintenance workers in a refinery\/petrochemical complex in Korea","volume":"20","author":"Koh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1341","article-title":"Suggested excess of occupational cancers in Norwegian offshore workers: Preliminary results from the Cancer Registry Offshore Cohort","volume":"35","author":"Aas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqu111","article-title":"Cancer incidence among 41,000 offshore oil industry workers","volume":"64","author":"Stenehjem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-007-9065-x","article-title":"Increased risk of acute myelogenous leukemia and multiple myeloma in a historical cohort of upstream petroleum workers exposed to crude oil","volume":"19","author":"Kirkeleit","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.54.9.686","article-title":"Cancer incidence of workers in the Swedish petroleum industry","volume":"54","author":"Jarvholm","year":"1997","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.93101s677","article-title":"A 39-year follow-up of the UK oil refinery and distribution center studies-results for kidney cancer and leukemia","volume":"101","author":"Rushton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kql168","article-title":"Mortality of UK oil refinery and petroleum distribution workers, 1951\u20132003","volume":"57","author":"Sorahan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199605000-00010","article-title":"A 50-year mortality follow-up of a large cohort of oil refinery workers in Texas","volume":"38","author":"Satin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.56.3.174","article-title":"Update of the Texaco Mortality Study 1947-93: Part II. Analyses of Specific Causes of Death for White Men Employed in Refining, Research, and Petrochemicals","volume":"56","author":"Divine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200007000-00008","article-title":"Mortality among three refinery\/petrochemical plant cohorts. II. Retirees","volume":"42","author":"Gamble","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.57.9.605","article-title":"Incidence of lymphohaematopoietic malignancies in a petrochemical industry cohort: 1983-94 follow up","volume":"57","author":"Huebner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200102000-00017","article-title":"Cancer incidence among employees at a petrochemical research facility","volume":"43","author":"Sathiakumar","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200112000-00011","article-title":"Updated mortality study of workers at a petroleum refinery in Torrance, California, 1959 to 1997","volume":"43","author":"Wong","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.59.4.248","article-title":"Updated epidemiological study of workers at two California petroleum refineries, 1950\u20131995","volume":"59","author":"Satin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390306396","article-title":"Increased incidence of preterm delivery in mothers residing in an industrialized area in Taiwan","volume":"66","author":"Tsai","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A Curr. Issues"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1229","article-title":"Mortality updates (1970\u20131997) of two refinery\/petrochemical plant cohorts at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and Baytown, Texas","volume":"46","author":"Huebner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000116816.09199.6d","article-title":"Primary brain tumor mortality at a petroleum exploration and extraction research facility","volume":"46","author":"Buffler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2004.01.005","article-title":"Cancer incidence among refinery and petrochemical employees in Louisiana, 1983\u20131999","volume":"14","author":"Tsai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e318057777c","article-title":"A 56-Year Mortality Follow-Up of Texas Petroleum Refinery and Chemical Employees, 1948\u20132003","volume":"49","author":"Tsai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e3181be6c18","article-title":"Mortality patterns and trends among 127,266 U.S.-based men in a petroleum company: Update 1979\u20132000","volume":"51","author":"Huebner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.56.3.167","article-title":"Update of the Texaco mortality study 1947-93: Part I. Analysis of overall patterns of mortality among refining, research, and petrochemical workers","volume":"56","author":"Divine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200104000-00017","article-title":"An Updated Mortality Study of Workers at a Petroleum Refinery in Beaumont, Texas, 1945 to 1996","volume":"43","author":"Wong","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199611)30:5<610::AID-AJIM9>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Asbestos-associated cancers in the Ontario refinery and petrochemical sector","volume":"30","author":"Finkelstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.53.11.773","article-title":"Lymphohaematopoietic malignancies and quantitative estimates of exposure to benzene in Canadian petroleum distribution workers","volume":"53","author":"Schnatter","year":"1996","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000301","article-title":"Kidney cancer risk in oil refining in Finland: A nested case-referent study","volume":"57","author":"Anttila","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.780","article-title":"Acute myeloid and chronic lymphoid leukaemias and exposure to low-level benzene among petroleum workers","volume":"110","author":"Rushton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2013-101664","article-title":"Risk of myeloproliferative disease and chronic myeloid leukaemia following exposure to low-level benzene in a nested case-control study of petroleum workers","volume":"71","author":"Glass","year":"2014","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2015.108","article-title":"Benzene exposure and risk of lymphohaematopoietic cancers in 25,000 offshore oil industry workers","volume":"112","author":"Stenehjem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.54.3.152","article-title":"A case-control study to investigate the risk of leukaemia associated with exposure to benzene in petroleum marketing and distribution workers in the United Kingdom","volume":"54","author":"Rushton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.93101s653","article-title":"Kidney cancer and hydrocarbon exposures among petroleum refinery workers","volume":"101","author":"Poole","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.5.1021","article-title":"Geographical differences in cancer incidence in the Amazon basin of Ecuador in relation to residence near oil fields","volume":"31","author":"Hurtig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.2004.10.3.245","article-title":"Incidence of childhood leukemia and oil exploitation in the Amazon basin of Ecuador","volume":"10","author":"Hurtig","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-008-0345-x","article-title":"Cancer mortality and oil production in the Amazon Region of Ecuador, 1990-2005","volume":"82","author":"Kelsh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-11-4","article-title":"Analysis of matched geographical areas to study potential links between environmental exposure to oil refineries and non-Hodgkin lymphoma mortality in Spain","volume":"11","author":"Ramis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2009.09.001","article-title":"Leukaemia incidence in people living close to an oil refinery","volume":"109","author":"Barregard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.52.4.217","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality near the Baglan Bay petrochemical works, South Wales","volume":"52","author":"Sans","year":"1995","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, K.H., Park, M.S., Ha, M., Hur, J.I., and Cheong, H.K. (2018). Cancer Incidence Trend in the Hebei Spirit Oil Spill Area, from 1999 to 2014: An Ecological Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15051006"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.52.4.225","article-title":"Incidence of leukaemia and lymphoma in young people in the vicinity of the petrochemical plant at Baglan Bay, South Wales, 1974 to 1991","volume":"52","author":"Lyons","year":"1995","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390802476934","article-title":"Association of bladder cancer with residential exposure to petrochemical air pollutant emissions in Taiwan","volume":"72","author":"Tsai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370701758734","article-title":"Association of childhood leukemia with residential exposure to petrochemical air pollution in taiwan","volume":"20","author":"Weng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390701738491","article-title":"Association of brain cancer with residential exposure to petrochemical air pollution in Taiwan","volume":"71","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0594","article-title":"No association between residential exposure to petrochemicals and brain tumor risk","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-014-0468-1","article-title":"Risk of death for hematological malignancies for residents close to an Italian petrochemical refinery: A population-based case-control study","volume":"25","author":"Micheli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKenzie, L.M., Allshouse, W.B., Byers, T.E., Bedrick, E.J., Serdar, B., and Adgate, J.L. (2017). Childhood hematologic cancer and residential proximity to oil and gas development. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170423"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.2000.1410","article-title":"A critical review of cancer epidemiology in the petroleum industry, with a meta-analysis of a combined database of more than 350,000 workers","volume":"32","author":"Wong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"IARC (2012). Asbestos (Chrysotile, Amosite, Crocidolite, Tremolite, Actinolite and Anthophyllite) IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Arsenic, Metals, Fibres and Dusts. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans), IARC."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcz, J., Bukhtiyarov, I., Olsson, A., Moissonnier, M., Ostroumova, E., Feletto, E., Schonfeld, S.J., Byrnes, G., Tskhomariia, I., and McCormack, V. (2020). Occupational cohort study of current and former workers exposed to chrysotile in mine and processing facilities in Asbest, the Russian Federation: Cohort profile of the Asbest Chrysotile Cohort study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236475"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00007014","article-title":"Malignant pleural mesothelioma: History, controversy and future of a manmade epidemic","volume":"24","author":"Stella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(200003)37:3<275::AID-AJIM5>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Mesothelioma and lung tumors attributable to asbestos among petroleum workers","volume":"37","author":"Gennaro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2019.959","article-title":"Holistic view of patients with melanoma of the skin: How can health systems create value and achieve better clinical outcomes?","volume":"13","author":"Redondo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecancermedicalscience"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"IARC (1989). Occupational exposures in petroleum refining; crude oil and major petroleum fuels. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum., 45, 1\u2013322."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2018-105154","article-title":"Pooled study of occupational exposure to aromatic hydrocarbon solvents and risk of multiple myeloma","volume":"75","author":"Spinelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2015.03.017","article-title":"European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: Environment, occupation and cancer","volume":"39","author":"Espina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"IARC (2016). Outdoor Air Pollution. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, IARC."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"IARC (1993). Beryllium, Cadmium, Mercury, and Exposures in the Glass Manufacturing Industry. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, IARC."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1596-1-4","article-title":"Prognostic factors in prostate cancer","volume":"1","author":"Buhmeida","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"25","article-title":"Analysis of prognostic factors for melanoma patients","volume":"24","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Med. Litu."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"e61436","article-title":"Survival Rate of Patients with Bladder Cancer in Yazd, Central Province of Iran","volume":"11","author":"Moghimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J. Cancer Manag."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"4640","article-title":"Association between benzene exposure and childhood leukemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Mosallanejad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Technol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106090","article-title":"Association between leukemia incidence and mortality and residential petrochemical exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"145","author":"Boonhat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2015.03.017","article-title":"European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: 12 ways to reduce your cancer risk","volume":"39","author":"Espina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Wild, C.P., Weiderpass, E., and Stewart, B.W. (2020). World Cancer Report: Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention, IARC."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5278.55123","article-title":"Healthy worker effect phenomenon","volume":"13","author":"Shah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"1858","article-title":"Uses of crude oil as traditional medicine: A survey of mothers in a rural clinic in South-south Nigeria","volume":"12","author":"Dienye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rural Remote Health"},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Programme, UNEP United Nations Environment Programme (2011). Environmental Assessment of Ogoniland: Site Factsheets, Executive Summary and Full Report, United Nations Environment Programme."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138654","article-title":"Emissions of volatile organic compounds from crude oil processing\u2014Global emission inventory and environmental release","volume":"727","author":"Rajabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-020-0470-z","article-title":"Oil sector and CO2 emissions in Saudi Arabia: Asymmetry analysis","volume":"6","author":"Mahmood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Palgrave Commun."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/8\/4343\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:50:04Z","timestamp":1760161804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/8\/4343"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph18084343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18084343","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]}}}