{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T21:57:48Z","timestamp":1786399068851,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The early and correct assessment of psychomotor agitation (PMA) is essential to ensure prompt intervention by healthcare professionals to improve the patient\u2019s condition, protect healthcare staff, and facilitate future management. Proper training for recognizing and managing agitation in all care settings is desirable to improve patient outcomes. The best approach is one that is ethical, non-invasive, and respectful of the patient\u2019s dignity. When deemed necessary, pharmacological interventions must be administered rapidly and avoid producing an excessive state of sedation, except in cases of severe and imminent danger to the patient or others. The purpose of this brief review is to raise awareness about best practices for the management of PMA in emergency care situations and consider the role of new pharmacological interventions in patients with agitation associated with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T13:58:04Z","timestamp":1618927084000},"page":"4368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["The Management of Psychomotor Agitation Associated with Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder: A Brief Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1886-4977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Pompili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ducci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Department, ASL Roma 1, 00193 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Galluzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2308-9146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Rosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Unit, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, 10043 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Palumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII-Bergamo, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4415-5058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"De Berardis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital \u201cG. Mazzini\u201d, National Health Service (NHS), ASL 4 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University \u201cG. D\u2019Annunzio\u201d, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2015.1132007","article-title":"Assessment and management of agitation in psychiatry: Expert consensus","volume":"17","author":"Garriga","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2011.9.6866","article-title":"The psychopharmacology of agitation: Consensus statement of the american association for emergency psychiatry project Beta psychopharmacology workgroup","volume":"13","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"West. J. Emerg. 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